116 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
or less regularly barred with bladgjsh or with subterminal, heart-shaped 
spots; lower primary-coverts an@ quills below ashy gray with white 
notches to the inner webs. ‘Bill fleshy brown, shading into dark brown 
toward the tip; feet dusky; iris brown.’ (Shelley.) Length, 533; 
culmen, 121; wing, 279; tail, 108; tarsus, 74. 
“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Similar to the male, but larger, 
and with a longer bill. Length, 610; culmen, 155; wing, 305; tail, 
145; tarsus, 81. ; 
“Adults in winter plumage.—Very similar to the breeding plumage, 
but paler, and much less heavily striped, especially on the under surface 
of the body; the black spots and streaks on the rump scarcely apparent, 
and concealed by the white plumage; upper tail-coverts white, with very 
few brown cross-bars; tail white, barred with brown. ‘Feet pale leaden 
gray, claws blackish; bill blackish brown, flesh-color at the base of the 
lower mandible.” (//ume.) 
“There is evidently a spring molt, but whether partial or entire I have 
not been able to determine. The breeding plumage is gained by a 
widening of the longitudinal centers to the feathers, of which the pattern 
changes on several portions of the body. Such parts as the rump and 
the abdomen and under tail-coverts have scarcely any visible streaks, but 
these appear with the summer plumage and are gained by a change of the 
feather. The sides of the body change from a streaked to a barred appear- 
ance, this being effected by a preliminary widening of the brown centers 
to the feathers which develop into bars without any direct molt. The 
innermost secondaries, at the autumn molt, seem to be entirely uniform, 
and the bars make their appearance gradually. 
“Young.—Differs from the adult in being much more tawny, and, as 
Seebohm has pointed out, young birds may always be distinguished from 
the old ones by the much lighter patterns of the notches and bars in the 
innermost secondaries, these markings being tawny buff, and the black 
centers to the feathers being much broader.” (Sharpe.) 
This large curlew is extremely wary and although individuals are 
occasionally seen on tide-flats, they are difficult to kall. 
100. NUMENIUS CYANOPUS Vieillot. 
ASIATIC CURLEW. 
Numenius cyanopus VIEILLoT, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. (1817), 8, 306; SHARPE, 
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 350; Hand-List (1899), 1, 158; 
McGrecor and WorceEstTER, Hand-List ( 1906), 24. 
Bohol (McGregor) ; Cebu (McGregor); Negros (Steere Bxp., Bourns & Wor- 
cester). Japan and eastern Siberia, in winter to Australia. 
“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Similar to NV. arquatus and of 
the same size, but distinguished by the dark lower back and. rump and 
