208 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
a trace of metallic gloss; breast, sides of belly, flanks, and a wide collar 
round the neck white; lesser andgmedian wing-coverts pale brown, with 
whitish margins and deep oN techs. plumage otherwise like 
that of the male. Iris red; bill gray; bare skin round the eye and on 
the throat red, but not so light as that of the male; feet red.. Length, 
about 760; culmen from feathers on forehead, 81 to 91; wing, 510 to 528; 
tail, 287 to 343; tarsus, 18. 
“Male and female immature-——Head and neck white, shading into 
brown on the chest, breast, sides of belly, lower neck, and upper parts; 
middle of belly and flanks white. It will thus be seen that the colors of 
the above parts are just the reverse of those of the adult female, the white 
parts being dark and vice versa; rest of the plumage much like that of 
the adult female. Iris black; bill and feet whitish with a shade of blue.” 
(Grant. ) 
“Not infrequently seen singly or in small flocks, but very difficult to 
kill.” (Bourns and Worcester MS.) 
Family PELECANIDA. 
Body large and heavy; upper mandible depressed, narrower and higher 
at base, broader and flattened toward the end, composed of a median 
bar, continuing the whole length of the bill and terminating in a strongly 
hooked nail, and of two lateral portions each separated from the median 
bar by a very narrow groove, in the basal part of which the small nostril 
opens; lower mandible thin, of two flexible arches supporting a large 
pouch of naked membrane. 
Genus PELECANUS Linneus, 1758. 
Characters same as those given for the Family. 
172. PELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS Gmelin. 
SPOTTED-BILLED PELICAN. 
Pelecanus philippensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 571; Grant, 
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 471; SHarpr, Hand-List (1899), 1, 
238; OATES, Cat. Birds’ Eggs .(1902), 2, 217; McGregor, Bull. Phil- 
ippine Mus. (1904), 4, 14, pls. 3 & 4; McGregor and WoRCESTER, 
Hand-List (1906), 40; Dupots, Genera Avium, Pelecanide (1907), 3, 
pl. fig. 4. 
Pelecanus manillensis OATES, Birds Brit. Burmah (1883), 2, 236; HUME, 
Nests & Eges Ind. Bds. Oates ed. (1890), 3, 276. 
Pa-ga’-la, Manila. 
Luzon (Nonnerat, McGregor, Worcester) ; Mindanao (Mearns). India and Cey- 
leon, south to Burmah and Malay Peninsula, east to China and Hainan. 
“Adult in breeding plumage.—(September to February). General 
color pure white; forehead, top of head, fairly long crest, cheeks, and 
neck covered with dense curly, very soft, pure white feathers, with their 
black bases more or less visible; hind neck, from crest to upper back, 
