PELECANUS. 209 
covered with soft grayish brown feathers, forming a mane; upper back, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts white, tinged, especially on the lesser wing- 
coverts, with cream-color ; winglet, primaries, and primary-coverts brown- 
ish black, with the upper surface of the shafts dark; secondaries grayish 
brown, paler on the outer web and shading into brownish gray, on inner- 
most secondaries; an interscapular line down the middle of upper back; 
lower back, rump, flanks, under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing- 
coverts vinaceous; rest of under parts pure white, chest and upper breast 
tinged with yellow; tail-feathers ashy, paler toward the tips and with 
dark shafts. Tail composed of 22 feathers. ‘Bill pinkish yellow, the 
lateral portions of the upper mandible with large bluish black spots; the 
nail and terminal halves of both mandibles orange-yellow; central por- 
tions of sides of lower mandible smeared with bluish black; pouch dull 
purple, blotched and spotted with bluish black; eyelids and skin round 
eye orange-yellow; skin in front of eye livid; legs and feet very dark 
brown; claws yellowish horn; iris stone-white, varying to pale yellow, 
clouded with brown.’ (Oates.) Length, 1,295 to 1,500; culmen, 320 
to 368; wing, 558 to 610; tail, 203 to 421; tarsus, 84 to 96. The female 
is somewhat smaller than the male, but not conspicuously so. 
“Adult in non-breeding plumage (March—August).—Plumage similar 
to that of the young after the first molt. 
“Nestling.—Covered with white down; iris dark brown; bill pale 
plumbeous; legs china-white; pouch pale bluish white. The down on the 
wings soon turns to pale rufous; and the scapulars, when they appear, 
are brown, edged with ferruginous; the wing-coverts, on making their 
appearance, are furnished with a dense fringe of rufous down, which, 
however, soon falls off, leaving the feathers with rufous margins; the 
scapulars are developed very rapidly, and their ferruginous margins are 
diminished in extent as the bird grows; the down on the head and neck 
gives place to brownish feathers, and the crest and loose feathers of the 
mane on the hind neck soon make their appearance. 
“The young bird, when fully fledged, retains its first feathers for at 
least one year, the only change being that the brown colors become darker 
and the rufous edgings abraded and consequently less marked. The im- 
pressed spots on the bill are not indicated till the sixth month, and even 
at the end of twelve months these spots are quite indistinct, compared 
with those of the adult bird. ‘Toward the end of the first year a livid 
spot appears in front of the eyes and soon becomes clearly defined. The 
nail and the terminal third of the edges of the bill are yellow, legs and 
toes flesh-color. 
“After the first molt, at about twelve months of age, the whole head 
and neck are covered with short, soft, downy feathers, the bases of which 
are black, the tips white; and the crest and mane are developed to the 
same extent as in the adult; the shoulders and scapulars are wood-brown ; 
77719——14 
