462 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
Adult male.—Entire plumage rich chestnut-rufous with inner webs 
of primaries and secondaries seal-brown near their tips. Iris, eyelids, 
and bill blue; bill edged and tip@@A with black; legs and nails lighter 
blue. Wing, 87; tail, excepting central rectrices, 85; central rectrices, 
100 to 190; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 16. 
Adult female and immature.—Lighter in color and with lower breast, 
abdomen, and tail-coverts whitish; central rectrices not greatly length- 
ened. 
“In Jour. fiir Orn. (1891), 294, Hartert very properly calls attention 
to the fact that confusion evidently exists as to the distribution of the 
two rufous species of Zeocephus, and he even seems to question the 
distinctness of the two species. We have some suggestions to offer, after 
looking over our series of thirty-one specimens from Luzon, Mindoro, 
Panay, Negros, Cebu, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi Tawi. First, the young 
immature birds of Z. rufus have the white belly and general coloring 
of Z. cinnamomeus. They are not to be distinguished from birds of 
the latter species. Second, out of fifteen specimens from the south, 
seven do not show a trace of white on the belly, and are of a uniform 
deep rufous color. Third, we have.a male bird in breeding plumage 
from Cebu which is indistinguishable, so far as shade of rufous is 
concerned, from Basilan birds. The confusion between the two species 
is thus readily understood. Are they then distinct? We think that 
they are for the following reasons: The average fully adult bird from 
the northern islands is very much darker in color than the darkest of 
the southern birds. The northern birds have the tail much more strongly 
graduated than that of the birds from the south. None of our speci- 
mens from the south show any special elongation of the central tail- 
feathers. In one specimen from Tablas and another from Sibuyan the 
central tail-feathers exceed the rest by fully 75 millimeters. Other birds 
collected at the same time and place do not show nearly so strong a 
development of these feathers, but the fact remains that nothing even 
approaching it is shown by our specimens from the south. 
“The dark tips of the tail-feathers described by Dr. Sharpe as char- 
acteristic of Z. cinnamomeus are simply a sign of immaturity, as is the 
white of the belly. 
“Zeocephus rufus, then, inhabits the northern and central Philippines, 
and is to be distinguished from 7%. cinnamomeus by its darker color 
when fully adult, and by its more strongly graduated tail, which has 
the central feathers at least 75 millimeters longer than the others when 
the birds are in perfect plumage. 
“Four males from Cebu average: Length, 223; wing, 93; tail, 116; 
culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Five females, length, 
201; wing, 86; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 
18. A male from Sibuyan with elongated tail-feathers measures 283 
