f TURDUS. 549 
532. TURDUS OBSCURUS Gmelin. 
DARK THRUSH. 
Turdus obscurus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 816; WaIrenrap, 
Ibis (1899), 212 (migration) ; OATES and REID, Cat. Birds’ Eggs (1905), 
4, 119; McGrecor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. 
Merula obscura Sersoum, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 273. 
Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Eap.); Luzon 
(Cuming, Othberg, Whitehead); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Negros (Whitehead). 
Eastern Siberia, Japan, Eastern Himalayas and Malay Peninsula; in winter to 
China, Borneo. and Burma. : 
“In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is olive- 
brown, tinged with gray on the crown and nape; lores very dark brown; 
ear-coverts, slaty brown; eye-stripe white, extending nearly to the nape; 
wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer web of each feather olive- 
brown, grayer on the margins of the primaries and primary-coverts; 
outside tail-feathers obscurely tipped with white on the inner web; 
throat and cheeks slaty brown, shading into olive-brown on the breast 
and into pale chestnut-brown on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under 
tail-coverts white, with basal half edged with brown; axillars and under 
wing-coverts pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin 
of quills pale brown. Bill with upper mandible dark brown; under 
mandible pale yellow, darker toward the tip. Wing with the third 
primary longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, bastard 
primary, 15 to13 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 
112; tail, 91 to 76; culmen, 22 to 20; tarsus, 32 to 28. 
“The female differs from the male in not having the slaty tint on the 
crown, nape, and sides of the head; the throat is white, obscurely streaked 
with brown, and the flanks are very slightly suffused with pale chestnut- 
brown. In spring the general color of the upper parts has faded from 
russet-brown into a grayer brown, which becomes still more gray during 
summer. 
“Birds of the year do not entirely lose the marks of immaturity until 
their second autumn molt; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 
frequently retain the pale tips, though these are white rather than 
ochraceous; the throat and eye-stripe of the female are much suffused 
with ochraceous, and the throat of the male resembles that of the adult 
female. 
“Young in first plumage have most of the feathers of the upper 
parts with pale ochraceous shafts, the feathers of the back have traces of 
dark-brown terminal bars, and the wing-coverts and innermost second- 
aries have pale ochraceous tips to the outside webs; on the under parts 
the feathers of the cheeks and breast have dark-brown tips, which become 
