﻿ON THE BOTANY OF JAPAN. 407 



pears to bp absent from Central Asia. But C. chrysophylla of Oregon and California, 

 like one or two Califomian Oaks, seems to be Asiatic in type. 



The Japanese Beech (collected by Wright at Hakodadi) appears to belong to the 

 European species, Avhich, however, does not penetrate far into Asia. The genus is 

 absent from AVestern North America, while F. ferruginea, very near the European 

 species, abounds in the cooler parts of the Atlantic side of the continent. Carpinus 

 is also wanting on the western pide of America, but is represented by one species on the 

 eastern, and by four in Japan. It is otherwise with the Hazels. Corylus heterophylla 

 in Japan is a close representative of C. Americana, as C. Sieholdiana probably is of 

 C. rostrata. Both American species range from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and both 

 have analogues in Europe. 



Sufiicient materials are wanting for the comparison of the Japanese Birches with 

 those of Eastern America, and mth a species of Oregon. If I mistake not, Betula 

 carpinifoUa, Sieb. & Zucc, is identical with Alnus (Alnasfer) firma, Sieb. & Zucc, and 

 belongs to the latter genus. There are only two flowers to each scale, forming oval 

 achenia, with pellucid wings of variable breadth ; the scales are persistent, at length 

 reflexed or widely spreading. A. viridis was detected in the northern part of Japan, 

 as might have been expected. 



Of Pines, only P. Massomana and P. densifiora were collected, both of the P. 

 st/lvestris type. P. parviflora and P. Koraensis must be nearly related to P. cembroides 

 of the Californian and Eocky Mountains, as well as to P. Cembra of the Old World. 

 The Larch of Japan is more like the Siberian, European, and Oregon species than 

 the eastern LarLv Americana. Abies Tsuga of Japan is very like A. Brunoniana of 

 the Himalayas on the one hand, and our Hemlock-Spruce, of both sides of the Ameri- 

 can continent, on the other. The remaining species have only a general resemblance to 

 A. Menziesii of Oregon, and to our Black and White Spruces. Glyptostrobiis (native 

 only of China ?) answers to our Taxodium. Chamaicyparis pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc, 

 with one if not two other Japan species, is represented by C. Nutka'ensis in Western, 

 and (less intimately) by C thyoides in Eastern North America. But our Tlmja occi- 

 dentalis is much more like the Western American than the Japanese species ; — all 

 extra-European types. Juniperus rigida, however, is near to J. communis, which 

 ranges round the world ; and J. Chinensis is very near /. occidentalis of Oregon, J. 

 Virginiana of the whole eastern part of America, and /. Sabina of the Old World. The 

 Yews of Japan, Central Asia, Europe, Eastern North America, and Oregon, are simi- 

 larly allied, — perhaps all derivative forms of one species. Cephalotaxus, Sieb. & 

 Zucc, is peculiar to Japan, unless there is a Himalayan species. 



