AND BYZANTINE GREEK. 



The sign — means less, and the sign -|- more, than the number after which it is 

 placed. Thus, Anaxippus died shortly after the year 303. before Christ; Epictetus, 

 shortly after the year 89 of the Christian era. 



The double sign =fc means more or less than the number after which it comes. Thus, 

 Demetrius Phalereus died not far from the year 283 before Christ. 



The mark ? means of uncertain date. 



KOMAN PERIOD. 



§ 10. 



From the Conquest of Greece hy the Romans (B. C. 146), to the Removal of the Seat of 

 Government from Rome to Constantinople (A. D. 330). 



The fall of Corinth reduced Greece to a Roman province. In the last half of the 

 first century of the Christian era, the emperor Nero declared it free. The Greeks 

 however were incapable of making a wise use of this boon. Vespasian therefore 

 brought them back under the Roman yoke, declaring at the same time that they had 

 unlearned liberty ; words which imply that they had lost the faculty of governing them- 

 selves. The Greek rhetoricians, on the other hand, with their usual superficialness, 

 asserted that Greece had never been in a more prosperous condition than when Vespa- 

 sian deprived it of its independence.^- 



This is the period of empty declamation, of grammatical works, of fanaticism, 

 theosophism, theurgy, mysticism, monachism, asceticism, religious persecution, religious 

 imposture, and philosophical charlatanry. The principal literary centres were Alex- 

 andria, Athens, and Antioch. 



The common dialect (^ Kocvfi S id\eicTo<;) was now more or less spoken and 

 written in regions mdely remote from each other, in Spam, in Mesopotamia, 

 and from ^Ethiopia to Sarmatia.^^ Every well-educated person was supposed to be 



'^ PaUS. 7, 17, 2 EXevdfpov 6 Nepajv dcjjirjcriv airdpTwv Ou /iiji/ "EXXt/o-i ye e^eyevfTo ovacrdai Tov ficopou. 



Of6(77ra(7iai'oC yap fiera f^ipava Sp^avTos er ip^vKiov orauii' TrpoTj^Brjcrav, Kal (rrpas vnoTeXfls t€ avdis o Oiednaanavos 

 (Ivat <j)6pa>v Koi aKOvdv (Ke\ev(T(v rjyfpopos, dnontiJLaBrjKivm (prjcras rrjv e\ivdepiav to 'EXKrjviKov. PlIILOSTR. Vit. 

 ApoU. o, 41 Nepcov i\ev6(pav d<j)!JK€ rfju 'EXXa8a, (Ta>(j)povia-T(p6v n iavTov yvovs ■ Km tTravrjXBov at TToXfir e'r ^'drj 

 AupiKa ftat 'Attiku, navra re dvr]l3r](T€ ^vv ojxovoia twv 7to\(wv, d pf] TrdXat 17 "EXXar eixf, Oleaivadiavos be d(piK6p(vos 

 ad)etXcro avTrju tovto (rracrcts 7rpo/3aXXo/iei/os Ka\ aXXo, ovttco t^s cVt Toaovde opyrjs. Tout* ovf ov jiovov Tois nadovaij dkXa 

 Kal TM 'AnoXKavia iriKpoTepov toC rrjs /SacriXeias rjdovs tSo^ev, K. T. X. It is IlOt tO be imagined that, by ^Srj AapiKa, 



TJOr) 'ATTtKii, Philostratus means stealing in general, and peculatuig in particular (compare Xen. An. 4, G, 14 seq.). 

 '^ CiCER. Pro Arch. 23 Nam, isiquis minorem gloriae fruotura putat ex Graecis versibus percipi, quam ex 

 VOL. VII. NEW SERIES. 2 



