AND BYZANTINE GREEK. 127 



five, or aorist suhjimctive. But when it refers to time past, the present indicative be- 

 comes imperfect indicative ; the present subjunctive becomes present optative ; and the 

 aorist subjunctive becomes aoiist optative. (Cpmpare § 107, 2.) 



In later and Byzantine Greek, the aorist indicative sometimes takes the place of the 



aorist optative. Sept. Ex. 4§, 37 El Se /ifi dve/Sr) ■>) vecf>e\7], ovk dve^evywa-av I'd)? rj/J,€pa<; ^9 

 ave^T) T] ve<pe\t], for ei 8e /j,r} dva^air]. Tobit. 1, 18 E'l Tiva aTreKrevve . . . . , eOa-^a avTov<; 

 KkeirTWV. Leimon. 13 (24^ El irore elBev Tiva djovrjaavTa, e^dcna^ev to jo/idpiv avrov. Ibid. 

 Kal TraXcv rrjv uvttjv inrecrTpe-\lrev /Sacrra^wj/, eiTrep evpev aWov;, ra eKeivav yofidpia eias 'lepivco. 

 Ibid. AWore eKd0r}TO to inroSrifiaTa, et eKOTTT), dvSpo<; 17 yvvaiKoi; •jroiau, 



§ 109. 

 Auxiliary Verbs. 



The auxiliary verbs most commonly used, in later and Byzantine Greek, are a^e?, 

 a? or a?, jlvo /jLai, etfii, ^X^^ 6e\co, and ocfyelXay. 



1. "A(}>e<; (from d^irj/jLi'), let, with the first or third person of the present or aorist 



subjunctive. NT. Matt. 7, 4 "A<p€<! eK^dXeo to Kapt^o^ dvo tov 6cp6a\fiov GOV. 27, 49 ".4^69 

 cSa/iev el ep-^eTai 'HXta^ (rwaoiv avTov. Luc. 6, 42. EpiCT. 1, 9, 15 "A^ei Bel^cofiev avToh 

 OTi ovBevo(; e^pvaiv e^ovcroav. Ephes. 1285 C "A<f)e<; eXOcocriv ol Trapayevofievoi, eiricrKOTTOi. 

 Chal. 965 A Tew? Kav a^es tBojfiev. NiC. II, 901 C ".4^e? crKeyjraiiJLai,. TheOPH. 281, 8 

 ''A(f)£<; KoXatpfieOa (1). Theoph. Cont. 610, 19 "A<pe';, BecnroTa, (irj 'iBeo koI ttjv ypacfi-ijv. 



2. ^A<i or ".4 9, a corruption of "^^69. Theoph. 593, 7 'E\Oe ovv -n-ph t'j/j^a:; koI ds \a- 

 \i^a-<ofi€V a-oi TO. irpa eip-qvrjv. 606, 9 'A<: elaeXOcocrc TravTa. PoRPH. Adm. 201, 11 '^^9 

 aTToaTetXri o /SaffiXeu? Tovpfiap^vv rj ^aatXtKou Tiva, kuo 019 icaOe^rjTai, et9 KaaTpov tov KeT^eov 

 Kol a9 deccp^. Theoph. Cont. 751, 16 *^9 tS© avTov. Leo. Gram. 354, 22 "^9 kuto^ 

 ^dcrco/Mev eKeWev ttjv eiKova. 



3. rlvo/Mai, to become, to be, followed by the participle. Sept. Ex. 17, 12 'EyevovTo 



al X"P^? Mavcrrj eaTripiyfievai. Ps. 129, 2 revr]9-^Tm to, wra a-ov irpoaexpvTa. APOCR. Act. 

 Philip. 37 Tlvea-de ev')(pfievoi,. Act. Paul, et Thecl. 1 "Eyevrjdrjcyav avvoBevovTe<i avrw, for 

 aviKoBevov avTw. 



4. El fit, to be, followed by 9. participle. Sept. Nehem. 1, 6 "Eo-tco Bjj to ov9 a-ov -Trpoa-- 

 exov. NT. Matt. 24, 9 "Ea-eaOe fiia-ovfiepoi, continued future. Luc. 1, 20 "Eo-tj cnaTrSjv 

 Kol fiTj Bvvdixevo'; XaXrjaai. ApoCR. Act. PhUipp. in Hellad. 3 "Egtc iTo6ovvTe<;. 20 ^Hv 

 dyaWi(ofievo<;. Act. Andr. 3 AvaaTrjcrdfievov ecreadai. Act. Barn. 5 "Hfirjv eyo) BiaKOvwv. 

 22 'Hv Xa^wv. HeRM. Vis. 1, 2 "Hfirjv ■7re<f>ptKU)'i. 



5. "Ex*"' ^^ ^"^'^- (^) When followed by a participle, in expressions like the follow- 



