APPENDIX. 



Modern Greek Period. 

 (See above, p. 133.) 



Jerusalem, the holy city of the Greeks,* as well as of the Jews, was taken from the 

 followers of Mohammed, by the Crusaders in the last year of the eleventh century, and 

 was held by them until the year one thousand one hundred and eighty-eight, when 

 Saladin [HaXaxavTc or Sa\axavTlvo<;) drove them away from Palestine and gave the holy 

 places to the Eastern Church. 



Constantinople fell into the hands of the Latins f in the year one thousand two 

 hundred and two. Xot long after that event the most important parts of Greece were 

 occupied by the same people. The reader is supposed here to know that these West- 

 ern adventurers were chiefly French and. Italians, and their respective languages were 

 the French and the Italian, as spoken in those days. Their descendants in process of 

 time found it necessary to adopt (reluctantly, of course,) the idiom of the Greeks. 

 And when the Turks became masters of the country, they shared the fate of their hated 

 brethren ; they became Turkish subjects and paid ;\;a/3ar^t. J But it is not to be sup- 

 posed that these modern Hellenists had any affection for the books of the Greeks. On 

 the contrary, they discovered heresy and schism even in the Greek alphabet, in conse- 

 quence of which curious discovery they generally wrote (that is, such of them as could 

 write at all) their vernacular tongue in Italian characters. § 



Of all the modern languages of Western Europe the Italian exerted the greatest 



* In the popular language of the Greeks of the present day Jerusalem is commonly called 'O 'Aytoi Ta(f>ot, 

 TTie Holy Sepulchre. 



t By Latins {Aauiioi) the Byzantine historians who flourished after the Schism mean those who used the 

 Latin ritual. Before the appearance of Protestantism this term included all the "Western nations of Europe. 

 At present it is restricted to those who regard the bishop of Rome as the head of the visible church of Christ. 



X The Turkish J}{"I3, kharadzh, is the tax annually paid by the Christian subjects of the Sultan for the 

 privilege of wearing their heads upon their shoulders. 



§ The Church Catechism, published a number of years ago at Smyrna for the use of the Roman Catholics 

 of the Levant, is a specimen of this kind of literature. 



