APPENDIX TO THE GLOSSARY. 581 



It must always be borne in mind that from the twelfth century downward the 

 Greeks had, in a manner, two languages ; namelj-, the traditional language of the many, 

 and the written language of scholars. The latter was supposed by the ignorant to 

 be excellent Attic, but in reality it was little else than a lifeless mass of far-fetched 

 words and expressions.* Theodorus Ptochoprodromus, one of the most learned men 

 of the twelfth century, wrote in both these languages. His popular verses, ad- 

 dressed to the emperor Manuel Comnenus, are regarded as the earliest specimen of 

 modern Greek, properly so called.-f 



In the following list we give some of the words and meanings found in authors of 

 the third Byzantine epoch. The majority of them are still heard in many parts of 

 Greece and Turkey. Among them the reader will find a few to which no authority is 

 subjoined. Such words belong to the popular language of the present day. They are 

 given here simply because they throw light upon the earlier forms related to them. 



When the derivative or compound of a word apparently modern occurs in authors of 

 the first two Byzantine epochs, that word is to be sought in the Glossary ; as xpaalv or 

 Kpaaiov, ixvTT] or fj,vTt,<i, implied in Kpaaas, KovjoiJ.vrrj<;, respectively. 



We may remark here, that, with regard to words of foreign or obscure origin, the 

 etymological system of the Byzantine scholars assumes as a fundamental principle that 

 everything written in Greek characters is to be derived from the Greek. The result of 

 this false assumption is that many genuine Latin, Persian, Arabic, Sclavonic, and 

 Turkish words are referred to Greek roots with which they are in no way connected. 

 Thus, aeiBapo<;, ass, according to them, is a contraction of the expression ael Bepea-6ai, 

 being always cudgelled ; 'yael^apo'i, the same animal, comes from yjji' Bepeiv, striking the 

 earth with his feet. J 



* During the best days of Greece, the great teacher of Greek was the commou people. The language of 

 the orator and of the comedian, who respectively advised and amused the masses, differed from that of the 

 majority of their hearers, not in kind, but in quality. Plct. Ale. 1, p. 110 E 2QK. Elra r'a fiii> (pavXoTipa 



ovx ofoi T€ SiSaoTKfiv, Ta 8i cnrovSaioTfpa ; AAK. Ot/xai tyaye .... oTov Ml to iXKrjvt^etv Trapa TovTav fyaye tftadov, 

 Kot OVK av f^"'/^' "'Tf'" (pavTOv hihaanoKov, oKK' els Toils avToiis avac}>epco, oiis <rv <f>^s oil cnrovdalovs elvai 6i8ao-/caXous. 

 2QK. 'AXX', a yemaif, tovtov pkv aya6o\ hibacFKoKoi oi ttoXXoi. 



t IxTRODCCTiox, Note 66, p. 29. 



X One of the modern Byzantines derives XovkAvikov, sausage, from Aouxar, Liilce the Evangelist, because hogs 

 (whose flesh is made into sausages) are usually killed (in the Ai-chipelago) about the eighteenth of October, 

 which is Saint Luke's day. The same scholar has recently discovered that 2/tapXaror (from the Italian scar- 

 latto, scarlet) means Charles (Carolus, in Theophanes, KdpovXor). In the next edition of his Greek 

 Lexicon we may be informed that this supposed Western Charles is no other than the Greek XapiXaor. 



VOL. Vn. NEW SERIES. Ti 



