THE MICROSCOPE. 85 



out fatty changes or infiltration of their adventitia. The peri- 

 vascular spaces have been found wide but rarely containing leuco- 

 cytes, hematoidin crystals or pigment granules. The induration of 

 the cornu Ammonis described by Meynert has not been observed. 

 In one case characterized by destruction of the temporo-sphenoidal 

 convolution sections of the neighboring gyri showed sclerosis. 

 In one specimen the vessels belonging to the olivary bodies and the 

 pneumogastric nuclei were extremely varicose and twisted. Pig- 

 mentation of the cells of the pneumogastric and hypoglossal centres 

 has been observed. The pathological changes found in epilepsy are 

 probably secondary and the results of an intra-molecular disease 

 which has thus far proven beyond the reach of microscopic examina- 

 tion. 



In general paresis more pronounced pathological changes have 

 been found. The arteries of the brain have been tortuous, their 

 coats constricted at one point, dilated, thickened, and nodular at 

 another, frequently studded with leucocytes and round bodies which 

 stain deeply and equally well with carmine, logwood, or aniline blue- 

 black. The perivascular spaces were large oftentimes, and con- 

 tained pigment, hematoidin crystals, leucocytes, and round bodies. 

 Dilatations in the vessels have been noted, but no capillary aneu- 

 risms. The coats of the arteries have often been found separated 

 and the spaces thus formed have been filled with white corpuscles. 

 Fatty changes in the walls of the vessels were rare, although granu- 

 lar deposits upon them were common. Minute hemorrhages have 

 often been found, especially where congestive seizures had been 

 frequent. Patches of sclerosis, occurring more frequently in the 

 inner layer of the gray matter, or just beneath it, have been quite 

 common. They have, however, been met with in almost e^ery 

 region of the brain. Degenerations of the cortical gray matter 

 have been most commonly found in the posterior portion of the 

 frontal convolution, in the lower extremity or the ascending frontal 

 and ascending parietal gyri, in the convolutions of the island of 

 Reil and in the cornu Ammonis. In these regions the layers of 

 gray matter have been found indistinct, and in the outer zone made 

 up of granular matter and sclerosed tissue. The brain cells have 

 been frequently found isolated by an increase in the pericellular 

 spaces and their processes wasted or in an advanced state of pig- 

 mentary degeneration. The cells appeared shrunken, without 



