LEAF FUNGI IN AUGUST. 187 
but will be found by the industrious student who has frequent 
opportunities of getting into the fields in autumn. The leaves of 
the common buttercup are subject to one of these parasites, but as 
far as my own experience goes, I should be inclined to say it is 
rare; I have but seldom found it. 
Towards the end of the month, nearly every burdock (Arctium 
Lappa, Linn) that can be met with is covered with thousands of 
the Lrysithe Montagnet. Abundance of the plants, all infested 
with the parasite, may be found in almost any part of Cheshire or 
Derbyshire,-and elsewhere, during the autumn up to the end of 
October. 
The Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) is subject to the fungus, 
Erysiphe tortilis, This is a very minute fungus, requiring a good 
eye or a magnifying glass to recognise it. I have met with it but 
once when in Monsall Dale some ten years ago. 
Now may be met with another section of leaf fungi which 
belongs to the Puccinizi. I allude to the Phragmidium. The 
leaves of the Bramble, the leaves of the lesser Burnet (Potertum 
sanguisorba), the leaves of the wild strawberry, as also of the 
raspberry and rose leaves are all liable under certain conditions to 
be infested with the brand. In all cases the beginning of the perfect 
fungus is indicated by an orange or bright yellow rust on the under 
side of the leaf. This is called Uredo by some writers and 
Lecythea by others, and was formerly believed to be a distinct 
fungus ; it is now, however, known to be but an early condition of 
what ultimately becomes the perfect fungus. I have occasionally 
met with some of these early in July, and from thence through the 
autumn up to October. Last October I found a large quantity on 
the Bramble (Phragmidium bulbosum) and on the wild raspberry, 
P. gracile in the Lake district. I have not found any Phragmidium 
near Manchester, the nearest point is Chelford where, some ten 
years ago, I met with P. dudbosum in very fine condition. North 
Wales is good hunting ground for these parasites. There I have 
met with them in great “plenty. 
On the larger burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis), there is a most 
interesting fungus now appearing under favourable conditions ; this 
is the “ Burnet chain brand” Xenodochus carbonarius of Schl. It 
has somewhat the appearance of a necklace or string of black 
beads, and is most interesting as a microscopic object. On the 
leaf of the plant it is preceded by bright orange-vermilion spores, 
Uredo miniata, and frequently the spores and the perfect fruit may 
be found on the same leaf. I have found this brand year after 
~ year in the Buxton valley, about two miles from Buxton. It may 
be found also in the Bollin valley, near Bramhall, and elsewhere. 
I once had the good fortune to find a minute species in a wood 
near Taddington, in Derbyshire, Dr. Cooke has named it 
