LIVERPOOL MICRO. SOCIETY.—PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 61 
tudinally from end to end of the cell and back, its course rendered 
more evident by the starch and other granules carried along by the 
stream, being up one side and down the other of a spiral line 
marked by the absence of the chlorophyl grains which line all the 
rest of the cell wall. Similar cyclosis may be observed in the 
Desmid C/losterium, and may be most readily detected at each end 
of the cell; but a higher power is required than for Nitella—say 
about 400 diameters, and with a still higher amplification—7oo to 
800 diameters, and with careful illumination and focussing it may 
be seen just under the cell wall in any part. In the leaf cells of 
Anacharis, Valisneria, and some other plants, the cyclosis is nearly 
longitudinally round the cells, and a power of 300 to 400 diameters 
shows the granules of chlorophyll being carried along by the stream 
in those cells in which the granules are few ; and in those cells in 
which the granules are too closely packed toallow of such movement, 
a higher power will show the protoplasm itself in motion. In the 
moniliform leaf-hairs of Tradescantia, and in some other plant- 
hairs, the movement is somewhat different. In them we have a 
nucleus from which threads of protoplasm proceed in various 
directions, sometimes meeting and uniting with each other, and 
after somewhat irregular moyements finding their way back to the 
nucleus. This seems to continue incessantly during the life of the 
cell, and to see it distinctly a power of not less than 400 diameters 
should be used. We have also the curious movement of living 
diatoms, many of which move to and fro in water as if possessed 
of consciousness ; and what is perhaps more puzzling, they also 
turn on their longitudinal axis ; and in none of these cases, either 
movements of diatoms, or the cyclosis of which I have spoken, 
can we find anything which will render the cause apparent. Various 
theories have been propounded, especially with respect to the 
movements of diatoms; but none have been accepted as satisfac- 
tory, and the riddle is still unsolved. Leaving these, and going a 
little higher up in the scale, we come to the ciliated infusoria, and 
it is to their cilia I would now call attention. We find cilia even 
in the highest forms of life, but it is in these low organisms, which 
are little if anything more than ciliated cells, that they are most 
prominent and play the most important part, their principal uses 
being for obtaining food and for locomotion, though there are of 
course numerous exceptions to the latter use, many ciliated 
organisms being fixed. These cilia are generally regarded as simple 
extensions of the protoplasm, though Dr. Beale and others think 
that externally they consist of ‘‘ formed matter,” but, as far as their 
motion is concerned, this perhaps is of little importance, but the 
manner in which cilia are sometimes produced would seem to favour 
the general opinion. I allude to what we see under the microscope 
when such an organism as a paramecium is multiplying by fission. 
