-ó  — 
The  first  was  noted  when,  by  advise 
of  Dr.  OSWALDO  CRUZ  (then  in  Bello  Hori¬ 
zonte),  we  infected  5  small  monkeys  (Hapale 
penicillata)  by  mouth  and  nose,  without  sca¬ 
rification  of  the  membrane.  These  infections 
produced  a  disease,  the  clinical  evolution 
and  aspect  of  which  remembered  the  human 
pulmonary  tuberculosis.  All  the  five  monkeys 
died  and  we  found  many  parasites  in  the 
organs,  especially  in  the  lungs.  The  infection 
of  small  laboratory  animals  with  the  fungus 
threw  little  light  on  the  evolution  and  the 
symptomatology  of  the  experimental  disease. 
As  a  rule,  the  clinical  syndrome  in  these 
small  animals  is  changed  or  altogether 
wanting.  Also  thir  death  does  not  always 
allow  definite  conclusions.  All  laboratory 
students  know  the  errors,  which  not 
only  might  be  induced  by  intercurrent  disea¬ 
ses,  but  also  by  other  germs  than  the  specific 
ones  of  the  human  lesions.  These  accompa¬ 
nying  germs  of  the  human  lesions  may  prove 
pathogenic  for  small  animals,  as  shown  by 
many  examples,  specially  amongst  the  fungi. 
The  second  fact  was  the  tendency  of 
the  parasite  to  localisation  in  the  lungs. 
Animals,  in  other  ways  resistant,  when  ino¬ 
culated  with  cultures,  for  instance  in  the 
muscles,  showed  only  lesions  of  the  lungs. 
Only  here  could  we  recover  the  parasite,  and, 
it  was  not  even  possible  to  discover  any 
abnormal  sign  at  the  point  of  inoculation. 
All  these  facts,  once  well  established, 
led  us  to  expect  that  an  autonomous  sympto¬ 
matology  might  be  attributed  to  the  presence 
of  the  O.  brasiliense  in  the  sputum  of  man 
and  we  found  that  we  were  not  mistaken. 
We  now  proceed  to  study  the  Oidium 
brasiliense: 
1.  as  to  its  systematical  position; 
2.  in  natural  conditions  ; 
3.  in  artificial  cultures; 
4.  in  animals; 
5.  in  man  ; 
6.  in  the  tissues  with  a  short  report  on 
the  pathological  anatomy  and  also 
the 
7.  diagnosis  i 
8.  etiology  |  of  the  human  disease 
9.  treatment  I 
The  limitation  of  exact  and  positive  notions 
in  the  chapter  “mycoses”  of  human  patho¬ 
logy  oblige  us  to  enter  into  details,  which, 
in  other  cases,  might  be  unnecessary.  We  do 
not  pretend  to  determine,  with  mathematical 
precision,  the  class  or  sub-class  of  this  new 
fungus.  Mycology  is  not  yet  much  advanced 
and  the  classifications,  published  up  to  date, 
are  incomplete  and  deficient;  hence  the  ne¬ 
cessity,  in  this  kind  of  study,  of  entering 
into  minute  and  even  fastidious  details. 
The  nature  of  the  parasite. 
The  biological  and  morphological  charac¬ 
teristics  of  this  parasite  differ  from  those  of 
all  the  described  fungi.  The  question  of  pul¬ 
monary  mycosis  has  been  approached  long 
ago  by  several  authors.  S  ACC  ARDO  men¬ 
tions  that  in  1842  BENNET  gave  to  a  certain 
parasite,  found  in  the  sputa  of  patients  with 
pulmonary  disease,  the  name  of  “ Oidium 
pulmoneum”  (see,  for  more  details,  the  chap¬ 
ter  on  diagnosis).  There  is  nothing  positive 
in  this  assertion,  except,  perhaps,  the  confu¬ 
sion  of  this  species,  which  the  recent  myco¬ 
logists  include  in  the  genus  Mycoderma 
(VU1LLEM1N,  1891).  The  Endomyces  too 
have  been  charged  with  similar  offenses.  The 
studies  of  CASTELLANI,  especially  those 
made  in  Ceylon  (1911  and  1912),  bear  wit¬ 
ness  to  this  kind  of  parasitism.  It  is  a  pity 
that  the  studies  of  this  author  should  be  a 
little  deficient.  On  the  other  hand,  north-ameri- 
can  publications  also  denote  mycotic  affecti¬ 
ons  of  the  lungs  caused  by  yeasts,  not  to 
speak  of  the  Aspergillus ,  Sporotrichum,  Lep- 
tothrix,  Blastomyces,  Discomyces,  etc.,  descri¬ 
bed  in  Japan,  Europe,  North  America  and 
Brazil.  Of  all  these  fungi,  however,  only  the 
E.'idornyces  and  the  yeasts  interest  us,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  related  biological  and  morphologi¬ 
cal  characteristics.  The  other  ones  may  be 
easily  separated  by  the  evidence  of  contra¬ 
sting  features.  The  likeness  with  the  yeasts 
is,  however,  superficial.  The  initial  forms  of 
