88 
found  in  Porto  Tibiriçá,  Porto  Mojoli,  on 
the  river  Pequery  and  at  the  Iguassú  falls. 
They  enter  houses,  specially  open  verandahs. 
All  specimens  probably  belonged  to  the  same 
species,  described  in  my  monograph  as  C. 
debilipalpis.  Dr.  MIGONE  also  found  them 
in  Porto  Bertoni.  I  found  the  first  larvae  of 
wood  Culicoides  discovered  in  South  America, 
in  some  rain  water  which  had  gathered 
in  the  bark  of  a  felled  tree  in  Iguassú,  but 
unfortunately  I  did  not  succed  in  raising  them. 
Dr.  MIGONE  gave  mesóme  “polverinos”  of 
another  species,  C.  hortícola  LUTZ,  in  Para¬ 
guay.  It  seems  that  Cotocripus  pusillus  is  also 
found.  The  distribution  of  the  genus  Culicoi¬ 
des  is  rather  hap-hazard,  but  the  species,  of 
which  there  are  few,  range  over  great  stret¬ 
ches  of  land. 
Simuliidae. 
The  larvae  of  the  Simuliidae  or  black-fiies, 
of  which  there  are  some  twenty  or  thirty 
species  in  Brazil,  live  in  running  water  or  in 
falls.  Only  a  few  kinds  are  found  in  the 
larger  rivers,  which  always  carry  and  depo¬ 
sit  great  quantities  of  mud  ;  there  are  not 
many  even  in  the  rapids  and  falls,  but  some 
of  them  attack  man. 
The  best  time  for  studying  them  is 
when  the  river  is  low.  Now,  during  our 
journey  the  river  was  high  and  made  the 
gathering  of  Simulium  in  its  first  stages  very 
difficult.  Only  at  great  cost  did  I  obtain  a 
few  larvae  and  pupae  above  the  Guayra 
falls. 
Three  species  of  Simulium ,  all  of  which 
attack  man,  were  described  by  Mr.  SCH- 
ROTTKY  from  Paraguay.  Believing  them  to 
be  new,  the  author  named  them:  S.  inexo¬ 
rable,  S.  paraguayense  and  S.  paranaense.  As 
I  already  suggested,  the  first  is  synonymous 
with  pertinax  KOLLAR,  the  most  common 
species  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  S.  pa>-aguayense 
agrees  with  specimens  I  have  since 
determined  as  such.  As  for  paranaense,  I 
found  no  species  that  could  be  considered 
as  undoubtedly  the  same. 
S.  pertinax  is  quite  common  all  along 
the  mountainous  coast  of  Brazil,  from  Sta. 
Catharina  to  Bahia,  though  only  on  the  lower 
mountains.  I  never  saw  it  more  than  800  m. 
above  sea-level.  Large  colonies  of  its  larvae 
and  pupae  are  found  on  the  more  horizon¬ 
tal  ledges  of  rock  in  the  falls  of  mountain 
streams  and  brooks,  for  instance  near  Rio 
above  the  Cascatinha  (Tijuca),  on  the  Gavea 
and  in  the  Serra  da  Estrella.  Inland  the  same 
species  occurs  at  moderate  elevations,  e.  g. 
on  the  Tocantins,  the  Paraná  and  the  Para¬ 
guay. 
I  found  5.  paraguayensis  in  and  near 
the  river  São  Gonçalo  (Lassance,  Minas),  in 
the  Rio  Grande  (which  flows  into  the  Para¬ 
ná),  at  the  great  fall  of  the  Paranapanema 
and  in  sundry  other  falls.  It  also  seems  frequent 
in  Tucuman.  SCHROTTKY  says  thaï  on 
the  Upper  Paraná  it  is  common,  though  never 
seen  at  any  distance  from  the  river.  In  the 
woods  near  Iguassú,  I  saw  swarms  of  S.par- 
aguayense\  only  a  few  of  them  would  bite 
but  they  were  very  annoying.  Fortunately, 
the  irritation  produced  is  less  painful  and  of 
shorter  durationythan  that  caused  by  5.  perti¬ 
nax. 
Though,  I  know  the  nymphae  of  S.  para¬ 
guayense,  I  did  not  find  any  on  this  journey, 
a  fact  doubtlessly  due  to  their  being  covered 
by  the  flood.  Under  these  circumstances,  the 
presence  of  such  a  large  number  of  adults 
points  to  great  longevity. 
Besides  these,  I  found  two  other  spe¬ 
cies,  only  one  of  which,  the  “piám"  of  North 
Brazil  (S.  amazonicum),  attacks  man  ;  a  few 
specimens  were  caught  at  the  Iguassú  falls. 
The  other,  5.  orbitale,  (so  named  because  it 
prefers  to  sting  horses  at  the  orbital  margin, 
though  it  attacks  other  parts  of  the  body  as 
well),  we  met  on  the  Upper  Paraná  in  Porto 
Mojoli  and  just  above  the  cataracts  of  Guay  ra 
in  which  it  must  breed.  We  gathered  the  very 
characteristic  larvae  and  nymphae  above  the 
Iguassú  falls.  They  are  generally  found  in  all 
large  falls  such  as  those  of  Pirapora,  Paulo- 
Affonso,  Avanhandava  etc.  Up  to  now,  this 
species  is  the  only  one  found  in  the  two 
