94 
two  kinds  of  Echinodorus,  a  Maranthacea  and 
a  Butomacea.  Araujia  stenophylla,  the  latex 
of  which  may  contain  flagellates,  as  Dr.  MI- 
GONE  discovered,  was  also  plentiful.  In  the 
botanical  garden  we  saw  Victoria  regia 
which  is  found  in  Paraguay. 
On  our  excursion  to  the  Rio  Salado  we 
noticed  Celtis  glycocarpa ,  a  striking  Bigno- 
niacea  and  several  other  plants  with  showy 
blossoms. 
Climatology  and  Sanitary 
Conditions 
by 
Dr.  Id.  de  Souza  Araujo. 
CLIMATOLOGY.  There  is  not  a  single 
météorologie  station  in  the  territory  ranging 
from  Baurú  in  the  state  of  São  Paulo,  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Iguassú,  on  the  frontier  of  the 
Argentine  Republic  and  the  state  of  Paraná,  so 
!  made  rough  notes  on  the  altitude,  mean 
and  maximum  temperature,  rain  falls  etc.  in 
the  diary  I  kept  during  the  journey. 
From  São  Paulo  to  the  river  Paraná: 
the  initial  altitude  is  about  800  m.  ;  in  Baurii 
it  falls  to  500  ;  in  Porto  Jupiá  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Paraná  to  250  m. . 
We  were  in  the  middle  of  Januay  1918 
and  the  weather  rainy.  On  the  first  four 
days  of  the  journey  the  temperature  oscilla¬ 
ted  between  26»  and  30°  C. 
During  the  five  days  we  spent  in  Porto 
Tibiriçá,  it  varied  between  25.  and  36.  C.,  while 
the  atmospheric  pressure  oscillated  between 
738  and  740  mm.  This  place  is  270  m.  above 
sea-level  and  the  region  isverv  warm  ;  in  sum¬ 
mer  the  thermometer  often  registers  40°  C. 
On  the  second  day  of  the  journey  from 
Porto  Tibiriçá  to  Porto  Mojoli  (27.  I.  18) 
the  temperature  ranged  from  25.  C.  to  36  ;  j 
there  was  a  thunder-storm  in  the  afternoon.  , 
The  pressure  varied  between  742  and  749 
mm.  On  the  following  days  we  had  from 
25o  to  30°  C. 
Porto  Mojoli  in  the  Guayra  district  is  under 
the  tropic  of  the  Capricorn  ;  it  has  an  altitude  of 
225  m.  Thanks  to  information  obtained  from 
the  engineer  of  the  Mate  Laranjeira  Comp. , 
Mr.  SIDWELL  WILSON,  we  have  more  data 
about  the  climate  of  this  region.  KOEPPEN 
considers  the  climate  of  the  Upper  Paraná 
(paraguayan  and  argentinian  zones)  as  sub-tro¬ 
pical.  In  later  years  there  have  been  quite 
severe  winters  and  rather  warm  summers  in 
Porto  Mojoli  and  Iguassú.  Considerable  os¬ 
cillations  of  temperature  and  a  mean  tempe¬ 
rature  below  2o  C.  have  also  been  registered. 
So,  if  one  accepts  Em.  de  MARTONNE’s  clas¬ 
sification,  the  data  obtained  lead  one  to  put 
the  brasilian  pari  of  the  Upper  Paraná  under 
:  the  head  of  temperate ,  with  warm  summer. 
KOEPPEN  includes  all  the  Paraguayan  and 
argentinian  territory  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Paraná  in  his  definition  of  a  temperate  cli¬ 
mate  with  warm  summer.  In  view  of  the  con¬ 
tinual  heat  and  dampness,  MARTONNE  consi¬ 
ders  the  basin  of  the  Paraná  and  the  Para¬ 
guay  as  tropical,  chínese  type.  The  informa¬ 
tion  given  me  and  my  own  observations  sup¬ 
port  MARTONNE’s  opinion. 
SANITARY  CONDITIONS.  The  whole 
region  of  the  State  of  São  Paulo,  between 
Saurú  and  Porto  Tibiriçá,  through  which  we 
travelled,  is  decidedly  infected  with  Malaria. 
Ankylostomiasis  and  Chagas’  disease  are  also 
widely  spread,  the  former  in  high  proportion. 
In  the  “sertões”  of  the  North  West,  along 
the  Itapura-Corumbá  railway-line,  Leishmanio- 
sis  is  very  common.  Triatoma  and  Phlebo- 
tomus  are  very  plentiful;  the  former  trans¬ 
mits  Chagas’  disease,  the  later  is  suspected 
of  carrying  Leishmania.  There  are  also  many 
cases  of  Leprosy  in  this  zone. 
A  short  time  ago  two  cases  of  granu¬ 
loma  venereum  were  in  treatment  at  the 
Baurú  hospital  ;  the  patients  were  cured  by 
injections  of  emetic.  During  a  certain  season, 
cases  of  tropical  Ulcer,  caused  by  VINCENT’S 
fuso-spirillar  association,  are  common  in  the 
whole  of  the  North-West. 
Syphilis,  Gonorrhea  and  other  vene¬ 
real  diseases  are  not  rare  along  the  railway 
track.  Trachoma,  Amoebic  Dysentery  and  Ty¬ 
phoid  fever  occur  less  often. 
On  the  right  bank  (Matto-Grosso)  the 
diseases  are  the  same  as  those  found  on  the 
