HOWARD AND HOWARD. 11 
Bengal a form with black chaff occurs, but this black colour is 
only developed in good seasons. 
White-chaffed wheats in India are very different from the 
white-chaffed varieties of Kurope. Most of the Punjab white-chaffed 
forms have a marked reddish tinge about the glumes and awns, 
while the glumes have often a distinctly pink edge. A similar red- 
dish tint is observable in the white-chaffed wheats of the United 
Provinces and Behar. This reddish tinge of the chaff and awns 
of the white-chaffed wheats combined with the poor development 
of colour in bad years in red-chaffed wheats makes the determina- 
tion of chaff colour sometimes most difficult. One of the Punjab 
wheats, type 9, has greyish white chaff, but this is, no doubt, due to 
the thick felting on the chaff. In one case in the Punjab, the chaff 
is distinctly yellowish-white, but in this instance it is probable that 
the wheat in question was introduced into India from Australia. 
Several of the wheats of India have black awns. The develop- 
ment of this black colour, which is seen in types 1, 2 and 9 of the 
Punjab, varies from year to year and only comes out well in a good 
year. Eveninthe best seasons, however, some of the *‘black-awned 
wheats ’’ do not develop the black colour in all the ears. In 1906 
at Lyallpur several ears belonging to type 1 were isolated which 
had perfectly white awns and only differed in this respect from 
ears In which the awns were deep black. The black and white- 
awned ears were sown singly in 1906 and again in 1907, and gave 
rise to absolutely similar plots. These observations agree with 
those of Koernicke' who grew the variety black-awned Emmer (7. 
dicoccum var. atratum) for eight years in East Prussia and seventeen 
years at Popplesdorf. It was found that the black colour of the 
awns was not always developed to the same extent and in one 
year was entirely absent, the variety simulating in that year the 
white-eared Kmmer (T'riticum dicoccum var. majus). In the follow- 
ing year, however, the awns were blacker than ever. 
1 Koernicke, |. ¢, 
