E. J. BUTLER. L 
ped 
During the pruning operations special attention should be paid 
to removing all dead twigs and unproductive or feeble wood. 
This is a point which is liable to be overlooked, but its importance 
is great, not alone directly because of the danger from twig disease, 
but also because such wood is merely a drain on the tree and dimin- 
ishes the quality of the leaf. The prunings should, of course, be 
burnt, but this will probably not require any special precautions 
being taken as they will be removed for fuel as soon as permission 
is given. In the nurseries this point requires to be attended to. 
Once pruning is adopted as a regular practice and the methods 
of gathering the crop are improved in the manner indicated above, 
I feel confident that all real danger to the industry from an 
increase in this disease will disappear. 
Mutserry LEAr-Spot. 
( Septogleum Mori (Lév.) Briosi & Cavara.) 
Tuts disease is extremely common in Europe where it is 
sometimes called mulberry leaf-rust though caused by a fungus not 
belonging to the true rusts. It occurs throughout Kashmir, but 
does not appear to cause much damage except in the moister parts. 
It affects chiefly the younger leaves, which become covered 
with angular spots, pale brown in the centre and surrounded by a 
dark reddish-brown band (Plate IV, fig. 1). On the upper surface 
of these spots, and sometimes also on the lower, little raised pus- 
tules appear. In moist weather these swell up into rounded blisters 
of a pale colour from the development of numerous colourless spores. 
Affected leaves drop off prematurely and are avoided by the worms. 
In bad cases the reduction in leaf is said to amount to ten per cent. 
in individual trees, but this is only likely to occur in seasons of 
exceptional moisture, and even then is not likely to be general. 
The spots are caused by a fungus whose filaments penetrate 
the tissues of the leaf but are limited in growth and affect an area 
usually not exceeding a quarter of an inch in diameter. After sufh- 
cient food has been accumulated from the living cells of the leaf 
(which are killed and turn brown) the parasite comes to the 
