12 MULBERRY DISEASE. 
surface to form spores. Cushions of dark fungus hyphe are formed 
beneath the leaf epidermis, where they are early visible as small 
raised black dots. On the surface of these the spores appear and 
burst through the epidermis to be shed into the air (fig. 2, plate 
IV). The spores ( fig. 3) are elongated, colourless, rounded at the 
ends, divided into segments by three to five cross-walls, and usually 
curved. ‘They germinate readily in water and new spots are caused 
by the penetration of threads from germinating spores into the tis- 
snes of the leaf. 
Treatment would not repay expenses in ordinary mild cases. 
In the nurseries it might become necessary in the event of a bad 
attack, when spraying with Bordeaux mixture would probably be 
effective. Pulling off and burning spotted leaves early in the sea- 
son would much reduce the spore formation and consequently the 
spread of the disease from leaf to leaf. 
Muxtserry Mivpew. 
Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) (Karst. 
THe mulberry mildew is fairly common in India and occurs 
also in Japan and Madagascar, but not, it would seem, in Europe. 
It has hence not been the subject of detailed researches, especially 
in the direction of treatment, as have the allied vine mildew and 
other common European mildews. Fortunately the disease does 
not appear to be ordinarily a serious one in Kashmir. In Madagas- 
car it is said to attack, above all, mulberry trees planted near paddy 
fields or exposed to winds that have blown across marshy land. 
The losses are heavy in these cases, and would, no doubt, be equally 
heavy in India under similar conditions. 
The fungus attacks only the leaves. ‘These are covered with 
a fine white powdery layer over the whole or a part of the under- 
surface, and are sometimes deformed or stunted, especially if attack- 
ed when young. They are not liked by the worms and eventually 
turn brown and dry up. The parasite differs from the leaf-spot 
fungus in developing chiefly on the surface of the leaf and only 
sends short sucker-branches into the air-pores and the air-cavities 
