EVOLUTION OF MAN 39 



is one of the most distinctly marked, its characters 

 being black-brown skin, woolly hair, prognathous, 

 dolichocephalic skull, thick out-turned lips, flat nose. 

 The type is most perfectly developed in equatorial 

 Africa, as in Guinea ; to the north it has crossed with 

 the Berbers, on the east with the Arabs ; to the south 

 it shows reduced characters apparently without 

 crossing. The Bushmen and Hottentots, while 

 apparently belonging to the negro stock, are much 

 lighter in colour, and this is some evidence that the 

 black of the negro is originally due to the tropical sun. 

 In the East Indian Archipelago is a type allied to the 

 negro, but not identical, extending through the region 

 called from its presence Melanesia, from Papua to 

 Fiji. These have woolly hair, but the brow ridges 

 and the nose are more prominent than in the negro ; 

 the colour varies from black to chocolate. The 

 Tasmanians, now extinct, are stated to have been an 

 isolated colony of this race. The Andaman Islanders 

 form a connecting link between the eastern blacks 

 and the negroes, but although they have frizzled hair, 

 which they shave off, they are brachycephalic, less 

 prognathous than the negro, and the nose is narrower. 

 The Australians are brown in colour with wavy black 

 hair, dolichocephalic, having prognathous skulls with 

 well-developed brows, and wide but not flat nose. 

 Allied types are believed to occur in India, namely, 

 the hill tribes descended from the primitive in- 

 habitants, and in North-east and North Africa in the 

 Nubians, Berbers, and the ancient Egyptians. The 

 Mongoloid race seems to occur in its purest state in 



