l62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



we know as "American apples." These American born varieties 

 gradually supplanted the grafted varieties from western Europe. 

 It cost over one hundred million dollars, at a very low estimate. 

 to determine the fact that these varieties are not hardy enough 

 in the top to endure winters like 1855-56, 1872-73 and 1884-85. 

 This led to the importation of the Russian race of the apple, 

 Pyrus malus being found indigenous over a considerable portion 

 of European Russia. All honor be to Professor Budd for his in- 

 defatigable labors in the introduction of this hardy breed. They 

 have certainly made it possible to extend the limit of apple culti- 

 vation further northwestward than was formerly possible. The 



3 ! 4 Siterian 5 



gk A CraU. 4 



S.D.A.C. 



7 8 9^ "m 12 



'!*?Tf¥ 



>4 15 16 if 18 



• 



i i" T J 



PYRUS BACCATA. 



This figure is from a photo of a lot of Pviiis baccala varieties sent me by Prof. C. S. Sargent, 

 director of the Arnold Arboretum. The fruits were raised at the Arboretum. The typical 

 P. bac. is quite small, as you will notice; Cherry- and Yellow Siberian crabs are large fruited 

 representatives of the species, which is about as variable as/-"; innn Amej uana.owr wslXxv^ plums 



present recommended fruit list of the Minnesota society gives 

 only four apples as of the first degree of hardiness. Three of these 

 are Russian, and the fourth is an American born seedling of 

 one of these three. 



2. According to De Candolle's law, laid down in his noted 

 work "The Evolution of Cultivated Plants," species of trees 

 have not advanced one degree north of thtir natural limit in 

 historic times. Evidently a period of four or five thousand 



