Tur Microscopr. 275 
in Spain in 1885, to the water supplied to the different towns in 
which the disease occurred. 
In Madrid, a city of 397,000 inhabitants, there was in 1865 an 
epidemic of cholera of a very malignant type. During the season 
there were sometimes from 800 to 1200 cases per day. 
Last year, with a new and satisfactory system of drainage, 
though the proper disposal of the sewerage had not been attained, 
and a supply of new water of excellent quality, distributed from 
carefully guarded reservoirs and aqueducts, the disease never 
assumed epidemic proportions, but 2207 cases occurring during 
the whole season. 
Seville, a city of 134,000 inhabitants, has, one may say, no 
drainage at all. One part of the town containing 30,000 inhab- 
itants, mostly poor, is supplied by water from a river passing 
through Granada, a province in which cholera was epidemic in 
July, August and September. The main part of the town receives 
excellent water by covered conduits from underground springs, 
nine miles to the eastward. On June 14th the use of river water 
was prohibited for any purpose whatever and the spring only used. 
Although town after town along the river was attacked by the 
disease, Seville escaped. 
Malaga, 116,000 inhabitants, in wretched sanitary condition 
but supplied by excellent spring water, escaped with but two or 
three hundred cases. 
Toledo, supplied by water ,from the river Tagus, flowing 
through infected provinces, escaped entirely. The authorities 
stopped the pumps and obliged the inhabitants to procure water 
from distant springs. 
Numerous other instances of a similar character are cited 
where, although the disease was introduced and there seemed to 
be every condition for its continuance. except the non-contamina- 
tion of the water, no epidemic occurred. It would seem, therefore, 
that the facts may be taken to prove that cholera may be substan- 
tially avoided by proper attention to the water supply. 
Let us, however, see the other side of the picture. Granada. 
with a population of 76,000, is supplied with water from aqueducts 
furnished from the rivers Darro and Genil. These canals are 
uncovered, and were exposed to contamination. Cholera broke 
out in July and made frightful headway. Until about the middle 
