THE UNITY OF NATURE. 23 



exist in most monkeys, and even the brain's hippocampi majores 

 and minores, lateral ventricles, lobes, sulci, <fec., are all represent- 

 ed in that of the quadramana ; and even in intelligence and reason, 

 responsibility, invention, and all the qualities of the mind, it has 

 been proved pretty conclusively to be more in degree than in kind. 

 So homo sapiens must consent I o step down oft his pedestal and 

 take his place among the quadramana, — a civilized and highly ad- 

 vanced relative, intieed, but still a relative. So the separate class 

 Man merges into the Animal Bangdom wholly and entirely, and 

 that hiatus is bridged over. 



Now let us follow down and glance through the Animal King- 

 dom, and it will be but a glance, for we went over the ground 

 once before at this assembly. 



Look at the horse, tor example. Take his bony structure and 

 compare it to man's, carefully, and you will be struck wnth the 

 similarity, modified though it be. 



Look back at the eohippus, and compare it to the modern horse, 

 and jon will find less disparity between man and horse than be- 

 tween the five-fingered, five-toedprogenitor and the modern horse. 



Then take the biungulata. What is the dift'erence whether the 

 race concludes to walk on two toes or only one? The relative 

 position of the bones of the skeleton is the same. The frontal, 

 parietal, occipital, maxillary bones, the spinal column, the ribs, 

 the limbs, are the same, with modifications suited to its particular 

 mode of life . 



Look now at the bird, and see if you can find the anterior and 

 posterior digits, the double tibia and fibula, ulna and radius of the 

 four limbs, the single femur and humerus, the spinal column and 

 acetabulum, and the cranial bones all represented. 



Look back through the aeons of the past and examine the archio- 

 pteryx, the odontopteryx, and you find birds with a tail and 

 teeth. Look even at the bats of to-day and you find a quadram- 

 ana on the wing. And where will be your line of demarcation? 

 You may say that birds are oviparous. Well, look at the origin 

 of man himse f, and say nothing more about that. 



Now follow down, and the whale, the seal, the walrus, bridge 

 the gulf between the viviparous and the fish . In fact, we find no 

 hard and fast line until we come to the gap between the Animal 

 and Vegetable Kingdoms, and even this is almost bridged over . 



