CONTRIBUTION TO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MAMMOTH. 323 



moth the ear was much smaller than it is in the Indian elephant. 

 The length of the ear as given by Boltnnoff is too short. It is really 

 38 cm. long, and its greatest breadth (in the middle) is IT cm. From 

 the stumps of the broken bristles and soft hairs on this ear, which 

 in some places on the outerside, and especially on the borders, are 

 still quite thick, it appears that the ears, like the whole body, bore 

 a thick covering of short, woollv hairs and longer bristle-like hairs. 



The huge head passes into a short neck, which appears shorter than 

 it really is on account of the powerfid development of the muscles; 

 and this joins a thick body, which is short in proportion to its height. 



The tail, first made known through the Beresovka find, was 35 

 cm. long in this mammoth (measured along the underside), and 



Fig. 1. — Drawing of mammoth in the cave of La Mouthe, Dordogne. 



hence decidedly shorter than in existing elephants. The number of 

 vertebra3 was onh' twenty-one. 



The legs are thickly covered with hair throughout, from the horny 

 tips of the toes upward. The skeleton of the foot shows important 

 deviations from that of the existing elephants. INIetacarpal I and 

 metatarsal I bear no phalanges; the remaining four metacarpals and 

 metatarsals bear only two; the ossification of the third (or terminal) 

 phalanx takes place only in entirely full-gi'own examples, while in 

 younger individuals, such as the Beresovka Mammoth, it is rudi- 

 mentary and cartilaginous. 



If, therefore, the mammoth in the conformation of its boch^ does 

 not ditier materially from its living allies, except in the characters 

 already mentioned (although it exceeded them both in size), yet by 

 reason of its characteristic tusks and its hairiness, it had a quite 

 different appearance. 



Regarding the hairy coat of the mammoth, in so far as it is revealed 

 to us throuo:h the Siberian carcasses which have remains of the 



