COXTKIBUTIOX TO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MAMMOTH. 331 



abraded. It is obvious that the mammoth eoiikl only reach the 

 gi-ouii(l with the ends of its tusks if they were placed as indicated in 

 my restoration. How could the abrasion surfaces arise, which are 

 formed very gradually in the later, far-advanced stages of develop- 

 ment, if fully developed tusks had the direction they were formerly 

 supposed to have — that is, projected up into the air in a semicircle ( 

 (See the figures of the Adams Mammoth skeleton.) In such a joosi- 

 tion the tusks would he entirely useless ornaments, while, if placed 

 as they really were, besides their above- described use the animal had 

 in them also a powerfid weapon. It is. moreover, not doubtful that 



Fig. 4. — Cranium of mammoth in Cracow Museum. 



to the almost continuous use of the tusks as digging implements, 

 which use was only interrupted during the short northern summer, is 

 due their powerful development, and also especially the direction of 

 the tips. 



After the preparation of my restoration I received an extremely 

 instructive photograph of a mammoth cranitmi. which is in the 

 museum of Cracow University. This cranium was found in I80I 

 at Bzianka, in the neighborhood of Rzeszow. in West Galicia. under 

 the loess." 



This photograph (fig. 4) shows the cranium from in fi'ont. The 



a .Tabrbuch der geol. Reiebanstalt in Wieu. 2 Jabrg., IV Vierteljabr, p. l.'iS. 



