332 CONTRIBUTION TO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MAMMOTH. 



curvilinear length of the complete left tusk (the shorter right one is 

 broken) is almost exactly 200 cm.: its circumference at the place 

 where it leaves the gum is 30 cm. Its direct length is 157 cm., wherein 

 it is seen that the spiral twisting of this tusk is much less than in the 

 shorter left tusk described above, which is in St. Petersburg. Its 

 position and direction, however, confirm fully what I have maintained 

 above." 



The tusks belonging to the Adams Mammoth skull, as w^ell known, 

 were sawn oif at the place of discovery, with destruction of a part 

 of the alveoli. On the stumps of the original tusks, when the skeleton 

 was set up, were placed other tusks without the alveolar part, which 

 were made up of different pieces not belonging together. The right 

 tusk consists of three pieces and the left of two pieces. The edges of 

 the pieces where they were joined were planed off and the surface 

 stained to agree with the rest. The tusks " restored " in this manner 

 correspond neither in size, length, direction, nor curvature with those 

 which this huge individual originally carried, nor especially with 

 complete, fully-developed tusks, and can not have the proper direc- 

 tion. That these tusks are made up appears not to have been noticed 

 before, for Brandt writes in his " Remarks on the form and distin- 

 guishing characters of the mammoth : " " That the tusks placed in our 

 mammoth skeleton by Adams (which were bought in Yakutsk and 

 show no traces of artificial separation) do not belong to it, apj^ears 

 from their less breadth in comparison with the basal parts of its own 

 proper tusks which remain in the skull." Pohlig, who was in St. 

 Petersburg in 1890, and examined the Adams Mammoth skeleton, 

 remarks in his monograph, already many times referred to (pp. 323, 

 388), that the tusks are not only an addition but that they are not a 

 pair and belonged to a much less powerful animal. Regarding their 

 being made up of different pieces, which is most important, he saj^s 

 nothing. 



The Adams Mammoth skeleton was first made known through 

 Tilesius' figure (see Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci., St. Petersbourg, 5, 

 1815, pi. 10), which rej)resents it with the tusks curving upward 

 and outward, and with the tips directed toward the shoulders, as 

 they remained until the recent dismounting. Cuvier, in his " Re- 

 searches on fossil bones," repeats Tilesius' figure (Oss. foss., pi. 11, 

 p. 174) and says regarding it: "The tusks of the Adams skeleton, 

 to judge by the figure, were 12 feet 7 inches long" (p. 174), and 

 further " it appears that the tusks were in general large, often more 

 or less spirally curved and directed outward" (p. 200). The 



oAt my request Professor Szainocha, of Kracow, had the jrreat kindness to send 

 me the photograph and measurements of the cranium and to permit their repro- 

 duction. 



