378 QUATERNARY HUMAN REMAINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE. 



THE STATION OF WILI.ENDORF, LOWER AUSTRIA. 



Willendorf is a village on the Danube, twelve hou^^^' journey up 

 the river from Vienna. Traces of paleolithic man were discov- 

 ered in the loess deposits to the east of the village as the earth was 

 being removed for making brick. 



The archeologically important layer, preserved in part to this day, 

 extends like a dark ribbon in the yellowish loess at the depth of abont 

 4 meters below the actual surface of the soil. It is separable into 

 three strata, of which the lowest is the richest in human remains. In 

 this horizon were found thousands of flint implements, which showed 

 all the types of the superior paleolithic culture, with two excep- 

 tions. It also yielded some points of horn and bone. The object^ 

 showing man's work were scattered about a very extended group of 

 fireplaces. 



The cotemporar}^ fauna is typical of the loess, consisting of FAe/phas. 

 primigenhis, Rhinoceros tichorh'nius^ Bos pnsrirs. Ranf/ifer ft(ran(hfs. 

 Capra ibex, Equus cahaUus, etc. This deposit furnished thus far. 

 according to J. N. Woldfich, but a single human hone, a fragment of 

 a femur. 



THE STATION OF PREDMOST, IN MORAVIA. 



In the middle of the large alluvial plain of the stream Becva and 

 about 3 kilometers east of the cit}^ Pferov is a village known as Pi*ed- 

 most, and near by is a rocky elevation called Ilradisko. The base 

 of this is surrounded with thick layers of gravel and fluvial sands, on 

 which rest 20 meters of loess. At the depth of 2 to 3 meters below 

 the surface of this, Wankel, Maska, and Ki'iz discovered twenty 

 years ago the remains of a vast human settlement dating from the 

 epoch of the steppes, which belonged to the extreme end of the last 

 interglaciary period. The fauna of this station approaches already 

 that of the last glacial period. 



It is certain that man lived at Pi'edmost contemporaneously with 

 the mammoth. The bones of these animals are fomid not only below 

 and at the same levels with the remains of man, but also above theni. 



The explorations at Pfedmost have been carried on in a thorough 

 and scientific manner. The fauna discovered is composed of Felis 

 spelcea^ Hycena spelcea^ Canis lagopus^ Gulo horealis, Myodes torqua- 

 tus, Elephas primigenius^ Rhinoceros tichorinus, Bos primigenins and 

 prisciis, Gap7'a ibex, Ovibos moschatus, Rangifer tarandus, Cervns 

 elaphvs, Cerinis alces, Equus caballus, and other less typical species. 

 The mammoth is extraordinarily abundant, the bones of at least 800 

 or 900 individuals having been discovered. Archeological specimens 

 were found in large numbers. The number of flint implements ex- 

 ceeds 25,000; they represent very diverse and often beautiful types 

 of the superior paleolithic culture. The collection of objects from 

 bone, ivorv, and reindeer horn is also rich, and includes a series of 



