388 QUATEENAEY HUMAN EEMAINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE. 



among the parts of a well-preserved skeleton of a reindeer, it is best 

 to adhere to the opinion of Maska, who believes that the soil has 

 been disturbed. A similar state of preservation in bones of man and 

 quaternary animals does not prove that they are of identical age, 

 for fossilization and discoloration do not depend exclusively on the 

 antiquit}^ of bones, but also on the nature of the soil. Even the 

 breccia spoken of by the authors can not be relied upon, for it can 

 form at all times in caves that are humid constantly or periodically. 



THE CAVE OF BALCABOVA SKALA. 



This cave is a portion of the group of caverns known as Sloup, 

 to the southeast of the MoraAdan village Ostrov. It was explored 

 originally by Wankel and KHz, without positive result. Subse- 

 quently J. Knies determined the existence of four quaternary fire- 

 places and found about them 280 flint implements and 25 objects 

 from Avorked bone or reindeer horn. The rich quaternary fauna of 

 the upper layers was that of the arctic-alpine climate. Mr. Knies 

 wrote the author in 1902 that he possessed 4 pieces of human lower 

 jaws and 3 teeth from the quaternar}^ deposit, and hence surely dilu- 

 vial. In a later note, of 1905, he thought only one of the pieces and 

 the three teeth to be of quaternar\^ origin. 



(c) OTHER DISCOVERIES IN AUSTRIA- HUNGARY. 



With the exception of the Gudenus-Hoehle discover}^ and that of 

 Willendorf, no human bones were found thus far in Upper or Lower 

 Austria which could be considered as quaternary, and the same is 

 true of the littoral of the Empire. 



HUNGARY. 



Hungary itself has also thus far yielded no quaternary remains of 

 the human skeleton. 



At Barathegy Avere found l)ones of Elephas primigenms Avith frag- 

 ments of pottery, knife blades, poignards, and several human 

 skulls. It is also reported that in a caA'e named Nandor human 

 bones Avere found Avith those of the great stag, Avhile 2 hinnan skulls 

 Avere exhumed in the cave Nagy-Sap. Regarding the Iavo first- 

 named discoA^eries, O. Herman pronounces himself with good reason 

 against a quaternary age of the human l)ones ; the rej^orts of these 

 explorations shoAV plainly that there must have been a mixture of 

 ancient with more recent objects. Besides this the observations of 

 the explorers are insufficient and can not be utilized scientifically. 

 As to the skulls from Nagy-Sap, it is well established that they pro- 

 ceed from the loess; Luschan, and Hungarian scientists are never- 

 theless of the opinion that it is impossible to give a definite conclusion 



