QUATEKNARY HUMAN REMAINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE. 395 



above the actual level of the water. It presented a very regular 

 vault, terminating in a pointed extremit}'. It was 3 meters broad 

 and 2.5 meters high just behind the mouth, but this orifice itself was 

 so constricted that it did not allow^ of the passage of a human body. 

 This constricted opening, elevated above the floor of the cave, con- 

 ducted to an external, prominent, irregular plateau. The floor of the 

 cave was covered with a layer of loam (2 meters in depth), the sur- 

 face of which was on the level with the lower l)order of entrance con- 

 striction as well as with the surface of the deposits outside of the 

 cave. The bones of the '" Neanderthal man '' lay fiO centimeters below 

 the surface in this loam. Dr. C. Fuhlrot succeeded in saving the 

 calvarium, the two fenuirs, both humeri, both ulna? (nearly com- 

 plete), the right radius, the left pelvic bone, a fragment of the right 

 scapula, five pieces of rib, and the right clavicle. The loam also 

 contained a few small, scattered nodules of flint. 



The above is all that we know in regard to the Feldhofer cave 

 and its contents. No competent scientist has seen the skeleton in situ. 

 The bones were discovered by workingmen, who were demolishing the 

 cave, and when Fuhlrot arrived the loam and bones had already been 

 thrown out of the cave, and in part precipitated into the ravine. 

 It is not known whether tlie discovery was that of a complete skeleton 

 or not, and how the bones were disposed. The loam has never been 

 seriously examined petrograi)hically and no one has studied in a 

 thorough manner the interior of the cave or the crevices by which it 

 communicated with the surface. 



More recent researches concerning the cave and its contents, and 

 particularly its crevices, have not cleared, but in some respects have 

 rather augmented the difficulties of a definite determination of the 

 age of the skeleton. It is certain that its exact age is in no way 

 defined, either geologically or stratigTaphicall3\ 



NEANDERTHAI- MAN NO. 2. 



Messrs. Eautert, Klaatsch, and Koenen have given to science a 

 " Neanderthal man " No. 2. The age of this speciment is said to be 

 much more recent than that of No. 1, but even thus the discovery is 

 problematical. It consists of parts of a skeleton, without the skull, 

 found in the loess which covers the upper plateau of the country. 

 The bones lay at the distance of about 200 meters to the west of the 

 Neanderthal cave, and at the depth of 50 centimeters beneath the 

 surface. According to Rautert the loess occupied the remnant of a de- 

 stroyed cave, in which case there can be no doubt that it was washed 

 into the cave posteriorly to its deposition on the plateau. The bones 

 may have been washed in at the same time, or they may have been 

 buried in the cave later. Nothing was found with the skeleton which 

 might give an indication of its age. 



