THE ORIGIN OF THE SLAVS. 407 



the case in Bohemia. But northward, in the forest region between 

 the Oder and Vistuhi, on the Baltic littoral and the left bank of the 

 Vistula, they were in full possession of the countr3\ Their crematory 

 tombs are imposing in number. In western Prussia alone the crema- 

 tions represented by these sepulchers are estimated at "200,000." 



BOX-SHAPED TOMBS AND THEIR FIGURED LTRNS COVERS FREQUENTLY IN THE SHAPE 



OF HEADGEAR. 



One of these tombs without a tumulus has a paved floor and held 

 at least 200 urns. Apart from this exception they are of the average 

 size ; that is, 40 to 75 centimeters in height by 60 to 150 centimeters 

 in length, with the roof about 50 centimeters below the surface of 

 the ground. The urns are there buried in the sand, as in Italy. 

 Some are decorated with a human head, nearly always modeled on 

 the raised pate of the upper rim of the neck. The figures include 

 the eyes, indicated in various ways; the nose, generally jutting out 

 without regularity of form ; and the ears. The mouth is not always 

 represented. The ears bear rings of bronze wire with beads of glass, 

 amber, or clay. The covers of the urns are frequently shaped like a 

 saucer or a more or less deep basin, though more frequently they have 

 the form of headgear, such as flat caps, or round hats, either with 

 a narrow brim or wide turned-up rims like the felt hats now in use. 

 Some resemble the hats worn in the north of Italy during the Etrus- 

 can period. Even in Greece, where as a rule the head was uncovered, 

 sailors and old and sick people frequently wore a rimless cap of felt, 

 leather, or straw, called pilos, and in Bceotia, at least, there was in 

 use a hat with turned-up rims called Kyne. This was, no doubt, 

 transplanted to the Balkan Peninsula and the north of the Adriatic. 



The interesting point for our consideration is that the headgear, in 

 all the variations of form worn during the Hallstadtian period, is 

 common among the present inhabitants of the region of the box- 

 shaped tombs. It will, moreover, be seen that this is not the only 

 Hallstadtian custom that survived in Bohemia, Moravia, in the 

 Carpathians, and on the Vistula, showing that the Slavs of these 

 regions are in all likelihood the direct descendants of the immigrants 

 who introduced cremation. 



EXPANSION OF EXCLUSIVELY CINERARY CEMETERIES CORRESPONDS WITH THE SPREAD 



OF THE VENETI. 



The builders of the crematory tombs on the sandy heights of the 

 left bank of the Vistula, as far as the Baltic littoral, were not able, 

 it seems, to expand eastward. Extensive swamps then covered a 

 considerable portion of both' Prussias. Besides, the Esthonians were 



a Ossowski, Monumenta, p. 101. 



