THE ORIGIN OF THE SLAVS. 421 



HEADGEAR OF HALLSTADTIAN PERIOD STILL USED ON THE UPPER VISTULA, IN MORAVIA, 



AND THE CARPATHIANS. 



The covers of the urns are a perfect facsimile of the hat of horse- 

 men represented in repousse on the scabbard of a sword of Hallstadt. 

 On the famous stele of the cemetery of Watsch, near Laibach, which 

 is Hallstadtian, figures are represented some of which wear pointed 

 caps similar to our cotton caps; others have toques AA'ith ornamented 

 crowns. The stele is of Venetian manufacture, and some of the urn 

 covers reproduce quite accurately the quoit-shaped bonnets of certain 

 of the figures which are of the Venetish type. 



The kinds of headgear thus represented are still worn by the Slavs, 

 whose kinship with the cremationists has been otherwise established. 

 On the Upper Vistula the hat is seen as a truncated cone, commonly 

 worn by Italian boys. The felt hat, especially with raised or turned- 

 up rims, remained in use in the very region of the ancient urn fields. 

 It was such a head-cover that decorated the idols, the four-headed 

 statues of Svantovit, such as the one found at Zbrucz in Galicia. It 

 also survives in the Carpathians and Moravia, worn by all ages and 

 classes. The close relation between these hats and those worn by the 

 cremators is evidenced from the fact that they are seen only in the 

 regions of the Hallstadtian crematory cemeteries and where urns 

 with covers representing them are found. 



This headgear represents a part of the dress and manners of the 

 cremators who made the figured urns. As their descendants are 

 Slavs, so they themselves were Slavs. 



Kinship is based on physical relationship, though neither ethno- 

 graphical elements common to two peoples nor even intellectual and 

 moral resemblances, implying the identity of language, will always 

 absolutely suffice to establish it. In this case, however, the question 

 is of two peoples who in the course of time became one with no break 

 in their existence on the same soil. Two peoples thus following one 

 anothei- must have some blood relationship, some kinship, even if 

 their customs were not the same, but here the customs remained 

 identical from age to age. Ethnographical similarities in this case 

 therefore prove a certain bond between the peoples, one of whom was 

 the heir of the other, and that there has been no ethnic severance, no 

 substitution of one people for another. Still, demonstration of com- 

 plete ethnic identity must, above all, rest on identity of physical 

 characteristics of the two peoples; it must consist in a comparative 

 study of their crania, but unfortunately we have none of these to 

 study, for they were all cremated. We must therefore resort to indi- 

 rect means to determine their probable physical characteristics. 



The burying people that settled in the north during the stone 



