424 SCALPING IN AMERICA. 



face, with hair and beard, which was shown to be the habit among 

 the Chichimecs to the regions of Jalisco and Michoacan. 



The first writer who gave an account of typical Indian scalping 

 was Jacques Cartier. During his second voyage in 1535 he was 

 shown by the natives of Hochelaga (Montreal) five scalps of their 

 mortal enemies, the Touclamans. These scalps were already dry and 

 stretched on small wooden hoops. The Indians of Montreal spoke 

 the Huron-Iroquois language. 



A few years later, in 1540, the habit of scalping is met with by 

 De Soto in the south, among tribes speaking the Muskhogean. One 

 of De Soto's men, Simon Rodriguez, was scalped near the Appalachian 

 Bay and his comrade Roque de Yelves barely escaped the same mis- 

 fortune. Alonso de Carmona gives on this occasion the first clear 

 account of the mode in which the Indians take the scalp and of the 

 value the trophy has for them. 



The next information concerning scalping comes from Florida, in 

 1549, and is soon followed by the imjDortant data of Tristan de Luna 

 on the warlike natives of Georgia and Alabama, and of Laudonniere 

 on those of Florida. By 1565 the reports concerning the usage pre- 

 sent already a fairly complete picture of scalping and the various 

 details connected with it, and this picture is made more precise 

 tlirough the ethnologically valuable drawings of Le Moynes, pre- 

 served by De Br3\ 



. Meanwhile the presence of the custom was reported by Ulrich 

 Schmidel from South America. The secretary of Cabeza de Vaca 

 was not so well informed and speaks only of cutting off the entire 

 head; this refers very likely to the Guaycurii-Mbaya, who, in com- 

 mon with all related tribes of the Ghaco, first cut off the heads and 

 then scalp them. 



During the last third of the sixteenth century there are scarcely 

 any furtlier accounts of scalping, but the first decade of the following 

 century shows three good reports: That of Lescarbot, from Nova 

 Scotia ; that written by Captain Smith in Virginia, and that of 

 Champlain, dealing with the territory of the St. Lawrence. Cham- 

 plain's experiences and observations are especially valuable and w^ell 

 show the usages connected with scalping. In 1603 this author 

 attended a great celebration of a victory by the united Algonquin, 

 Montagnais, and Etchemin. They had secured some Iroquois scalps 

 and with these their women performed a scalp dance. In 1609 

 Champlain accompanied the united Algonquin, Montagnais, and 

 Huron on a war expedition against the Iroquois. The battle took 

 place in the neighborhood of the present Fort Ticonderoga and the 

 Iroquois, who for the first time faced firearms, were defeated. Here 

 Champlain personally witnessed, with all the other horrors of Indian 

 Avarfare, the scalping of the dead and of the tortured prisoners, and 



