SCALPING IN AMERICA. 427 



Frazer and other rivers, did not generally practice scalping; never- 

 theless, some of these tribes, probably those that had relations with 

 the more eastern peoples, have adopted the custom. These were 

 the so-called Carriers, the Sicaunies, Talcotin, and Chilcotin. The 

 Athapascan on the Churchill have also learned to scalp from their 

 Algonquin neighbors. 



As to the southern tribes speaking the Athapascan and including 

 the Apache, Lipan, Xavaho, etc., scalping seems also to have been 

 originally unknown among them, but through contact and mixture 

 (Navaho) with neighboring tribes who practiced the same, after their 

 many wars and after the Mexicans"' ofters of premiums for scalps, 

 they also adopted the custom to some degree. Ten Kate denied this, 

 and other observers write nothing of scalping on occasions when the 

 Apache would have surely taken the trophies had they cared for 

 them. Even the scalpings reported from Chihuahua and Durango 

 need not have been connnitted hy the Apache, but may have been 

 due to other tribes, parties from which occasionally invaded that 

 territory. Nevertheless, there is the evidence of Gregg, Ruxton, 

 Frobel, Mollhausen, and Bandelier that scalps were taken by bands 

 of the Apache and also the Lipans. The Navaho, strongly mixed, 

 had a tradition of scalping done by their ancestors. The Hupa in 

 California lived away from the regions of strife with the scalping 

 eastern tribes and remained evidently free from the habit. 



All the Athapascan-speaking peoples, and particvdarly those that 

 lived in the north in the proximity of the Eskinu), mutilated the dead 

 of their enemies. 



The whites who came first in contact with the Algonquin found 

 among them tAvo classes of war trophies. The tribes on the lower 

 St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, along the Delaware 

 and Chesapeake bays, down to Carolina, practiced scalping, while 

 the Algonquin who were settled in New England and eastern New 

 York, along the Hudson, did not scalp, but were head-hunters. How- 

 ever, even among the first-named tribes, the custom of scalping was 

 by no means as fully developed and as general as it became later on, 

 and cutting off the entire head and scalping a severed head were also 

 observed. The tribes of the Huron-Iroquois and the Muskhogean 

 linguistic families behaved in a similar manner. 



While the Algonquin of the lower St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, 

 Nova Scotia, and northern Maine practiced scalping at the time of 

 the advent of the whites, those farther south, as far as New Jersey, 

 Avere head-takers only. This peculiarity is explainable by the com- 

 parative isolation of the latter between the sea and the mountains on 

 the west, and by their limited intercourse with other tribes speaking 

 the same language. From Chesapeake Bay down to Carolina scalp- 



