DRAIN TILE IN THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD. 145 



rain in four weeks time. I had four inch tile laid, and it was a 

 failure. When you have four inches of water on a level within a 

 few days that size is not sufficient to run it off, but ordinarily that 

 four in'ch tile will empty the slough in a couple of hours. 



Mr. R. A. Wright : In regard to this freezing of the tile. If 

 you have fall enough to carry your water off — and your tile ought 

 to be two and one-half feet deep — there is not much danger of its 

 freezing, but I had trouble with freezing with the end of my drain 

 where it came out of the ground ; the tile would stop up for some 

 reason, and it would break out and cause me considerable trouble in 

 the spring. About the third spring I noticed there was trouble with- 

 in twelve feet of the end of my tile. One tile would be rotten and 

 broken in. I concluded there was frost there and that was the reason 

 it broke. I dug back about sixteen feet and in place of the tile I 

 put in a square box, using twelve inch plank. That was four years 

 ago. I have not had any trouble since with my tile freezing in any 

 place. I have overcome the difficulty in that way. 



Col. C. L. Watrous (Iowa) : Let your tile go down as far as 

 you can without freezing, then carry it out with wood to the open 

 ditch. 



Mr. R. H. L. Jewett : That meets one of the points that has 

 been a question in my mind. The ground freezes, and the melting 

 of the snow produces water while it is freezing. 



Mr. R. A. Wright : That is the reason I used the barrel. There 

 are the holes at the surface, and if any water should get in there it 

 would not settle, but would run out of the tile. 



Mr. Frank Yahnke : When I was in Germany I was inspector 

 of a farm of five hundred acres. At the opening of the tile drain 

 we always had four to eight feet of open ditch filled with stone, and 

 wherever there was an opening this stone would be covered with 

 straw to prevent freezing, and* we never had any trouble with freez- 

 ing at either end. 



Mr. J. W. Murray : I laid a piece of tile to drain a meadow, 

 and some times it froze and kept the water back, but it did not do 

 much harm. I think the ditch should have had a little more slope, 

 and in that way I should have remedied the freezing by not having 

 the water collect in the tile to freeze. 



Mr. R. A. Wright : There is another thought that Mr. Jewett 

 suggested. The water does stand around those barrels in the spring 

 when it first thaws, but I have never seen any bad results in con- 

 sequence. I do not think there will be any trouble where you have 

 hard ground that is frozen solid. I have had' no damage done in 

 the spring. 



Mr. R. H. L. Jewett : I make those inquiries because I want 

 to get some practical knowledge of the subject. Some apple trees 

 standing near a spring died last spring. We found the bark had 

 peeled off, and we are satisfied it was on account of the water freez- 

 ing about the base of the tree. Now the question is how to get that 

 water away. 



Prof. T. A. Hoverstad : I think some of that water would have 

 been taken awav if it had been a tile drain. One winter while I was 



