176 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



rant bushes ; first, to utilize the ground ; second, to protect the bodv 

 of the tree from the direct rays of the sun and prevent sunscald ; 

 third, to hold snow around the trees in winter to prevent thawing — 

 and under these conditions the plants and trees should receive a good 

 coat of fertilizer each year to keep them strong and vigorous. I 

 would use my irrigation plant towards furnishing the trees sufficient 

 moisture to keep them in good condition, providing it be a dry season 

 and after getting the ground well saturated with water. About 

 Nov. 15th I would begin hauling manure around my apple trees and 

 put around them a sufficient quantity to keep the ground from thaw- 

 ing out in the winter and prevent freezing too hard, also to keep the 

 trees from starting too early in the spring. The bulk of this manure 

 may be taken off or spread away from the tree about May ist. 



Strawberries should be planted fifteen inches apart in rows and 

 four feet between rows. 



Of red raspberries I would plant largely of Loudon. They are 

 a very large, fine, bright crimson berry and are also very hardy and 

 productive. Of other varieties I would plant Turner, Marlborough 

 and Columbia. I will say that the Columbia is quite tender and 

 needs more protection than the others mentioned, but if well covered 

 with dirt each winter will give the best of satisfaction. 



Of black caps I would plant the Older, which is a good, low 

 bush plant producing good fruit abundantly. The Hilburn is an- 

 other good black cap ; it grows a much larger cane than the Older 

 and is co;isidered a more profitable variety by some. I would recom- 

 mend planting, first, three rows of both black and red raspberries 

 three foot apart in the rows and six feet apart between them and leave 

 a space of ten feet for a driveway. To insure success each year 

 in Minnesota raspberries of all varieties, except Loudon and Turner, 

 should be covered each winter with dirt, and in very severe locations 

 I would recommend that the Loudon and Turner be covered also. 



Of the blackberries I would plant the Snyder and Ancient 

 Briton, three feet apart in rows and the rows arranged the same as 

 for raspberries, allowing a driveway in every third space. Black- 

 berries should be planted on low, well drained land ; if they do not 

 have plenty of moisture in fruiting they are liable to dry up. If 

 planted on high land the irrigation plant will be of great value. 



On the highest point I would plant at least a small vineyard of 

 such varieties as Worden, Concord, Agawam and Moore's Diamond — 

 and right here will mention a variety that is little known but has 

 come under my observation quite often in our locality. It was 

 originated by Mr. Geo. L. Wolford, of Medford, Minn. He calls it 

 the "Medford Prolific." It is a cross between the Muscatine and 



