186 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



made in 1894, and since that time enough has been achieved in 

 various parts of America to fully demonstrate the truth of the 

 Botantist's statement in regard to the practicability of its cultivation. 



I have had ample opportunities to study the conditions found 

 to exist where the plant grows wild and have grown it for several 

 years very successfully. It takes from three to five years to grow 

 roots large enough for market from the seed — roots that are two or 

 three years old will bring from two to three cents each when dried 

 for market — and one acre will produce from 750,000 to 1,000,000 

 roots. Can any one show better results from an acre of ground in 

 the same length of time? 



While the root is the principal source of income from the plant, 

 the seed is in great demand for the purpose of planting and forms 

 an incidental source of profit. Ginseng produces seed quite freely. 

 An ounce contains about 500 seeds. 



The wild root this spring (1901) is worth $5.05 per pound, 

 while the cultivated root is from $7.50 to $10.00 per pound. 



SUBSOILING AS A PREPARATION FOR FRUIT 

 CULTURE, 



FRANK YAHNKE, WINONA. 



My experience in subsoiling for fruit culture is limited, but 1 

 have had some experience in subsoiling for root crops. The princi- 

 ples in the preparation of the soil for fruit culture are much the 

 same as in root crops. 



The preparation of soil for fruit culture is a very important 

 factor to success, so I will give you a few general principles for 

 guidance in this matter. 



The purpose of subsoiling is to retain more moisture in the soil, 

 or to obtain a deeper surface soil. 



Subsoiling is not necessary in light, porous, sandy soils, and 

 may be injurious where the subsoil is gravelly. It is not beneficial in 

 heavy, wet soils, unless they are previously thoroughly underdrained ; 

 also I would not recommend it on steep side hills. 



Subsoiling, when properly done, consists merely in breaking up 

 the subsoil without bringing it to the surface or in any way incor- 

 porating it with the upper layer of the soil. The ideal subsoiler con- 

 sists merely of a tongue, as shown in this cut. The subsoiler usually 

 follows an ordinary plow, but the plow should only cut small fur- 

 rows, or else the subsoiler would leave a strip between each furrow 

 unstirred. The subsoiler should be run at as great a depth as pos- 

 sible. It is often advisable by this means to break up a hardpan 



