GROWING RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES. 213 



The second year the first cultivation is given with a small corn 

 plow, as soon as the land is in condition to be worked, throwing 

 the earth towards the rows. In about a week, the cultivator is run 

 through between the rows, and hand hoes used between and around 

 the hills. If the land is not very full of weed seeds, one hoeing is 

 usually sufficient, but the cultivator is kept going until picking time, 

 and in dry seasons all through the picking, which is as late as we 

 like to work among the canes except to loosen the soil with the corn 

 plow or cultivator if it has become packed hard by the pickers. 



After the second season the earth is thrown away from the 

 rows at the first plowing, there being quite a ridge left where the 

 canes were laid down and covered during the winter. As the berries 

 are left to grow together m the rows after the first year, the hand 

 hoe is seldom used after the second season, but we use a small three- 

 tined potato hook to pull tne dirt from among the plants after plow- 

 ing in the spring. This does the work very thoroughly and leaves 

 the soil in good condition. The past season was so wet we did not 

 get this work done as thoroughly as usual, although we had every- 

 thing in good shape wnen the raspberries commenced to ripen. 

 About a week after we had commenced to pick, we cultivated half 

 of the reds again, when the rainy weather set in again and pre- 

 vented any further cultivation until too late in the fall. Those that 

 received the extra cultivation gave a much better vield than the re^t. 



MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL IN THE SUCCESSFUL 

 VINEYARD. 



C. W. SAMPSON, EUREKA. 



In the first place, in laying out and planting a vineyard the soil 

 should be thoroughly prepared. It should be plowed very deep 

 and, if possible, subsoiled, stirring the ground for a depth of sixteen 

 inches. It is a good plan before planting to use an Acme harrow, 

 which will thoroughly pulverize the surface and settle it so as to re- 

 sist the drouth. After the young vines are set the soil should be 

 kept thoroughly cultivated during the early summer up to about 

 August 1st. After that time only the surface soil should be stirred 

 very lightly, only enough to keep the weeds in check. Every fall 

 it is a good plan to use a one-horse plow and plow up the entire 

 surface between the rows, throwing the dirt towards the vines and 

 leaving a dead furrow in the middle. This leaves the soil per- 

 fectly loose, and it will not freeze so deep as it otherwise would. 

 It also leaves the soil in good condition for cultivating the next 

 spring. Care should be taken to run plow shallow so as not to 

 cut any root?. 



