ANIMAL INTELLECT. 121 



highly, indeed, than that of any other animal. In this con- 

 nection we may point out the remarkable change which has 

 been produced in the domestic dog as compared with wild 

 dogs, with reference to the endurance of pain. A wolf or a 

 fox will sustain the severest kinds of physical suffering with- 

 out giving utterance to a sound, while a dog will yelp when 

 any one accidentally treads upon his toes. This contrast is 

 strikingly analogous to that which obtains between savage 

 and civilized man. The North American Indian, and even 

 the Hindoo, will endure without a moan an amount of phy- 

 sical pain — or at least bodily injury — which would produce 

 vehement expressions of suffering from a European. And 

 doubtless the explanation is in both cases the same — namely, 

 that refinement of life engenders refinement of nervous organ- 

 ization. 



The sense of justice in the dog is highly developed. If a 

 master is not equal in his ways toward his dogs, the dogs are 

 very apt to discover the injustice and to resent it accordingly. 

 In this connection the well-known observation of the great 

 Arago may be taken as being typical. Having been detained 

 by a storm at a countr\' inn, and having ordered a chicken for 

 his dinner, Arago was warming himself by the kitchen fire, 

 when he saw the innkeeper put the fowl on the spit and 

 attempt to seize a turnspit dog lying in the kitchen. The 

 brute, however, refused to enter the wheel, got under a table, 

 and showed fight. On Arago 's asking what could be the 

 meaning of such conduct, the host replied that the dog had 

 some excuse, that it was not his turn, but his comrade's, who 

 did not happen to be in the kitchen. Accordingly, the other 

 turnspit was sent for and he entered the spit ver\- willingly, 

 and turned away. When the fowl was half roasted, Arago 

 took him out, and the other dog, no longer smarting under 

 the sense of injustice, now took his turn without any opposi- 

 tion, and completed the roasting of the fowl. 



Lord Truro, touching upon the craftiness of dogs, narrates 

 the story of a dog that used to worry sheep at night. The 



