220 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



crosswise of the tank to the center. On the other end of this shaft 

 is a small crank of about two inches, to which is connected a hori- 

 zontal wooden shaft about 21 inches long-, running lengthwise of 

 the tank, which connects with a perpendicular wooden shaft pro- 

 jecting about seven inches above the upper surface of the tank. 

 To the lower end of this perpendicular shaft is fastened a paddle 

 about ten inches long b}"^ five inches deep, and with two to four 

 holes in it. This shaft is hung by a pin at the upper surface of the 

 tank. The paddle works backwards and forwards when the wagon 

 moves, and agitates the fluid better than we are able to get it done 

 by a small boy at an expense of 50 cents per day. The tank com- 

 plete, without any part of the spraying apparatus, cost about $20, 

 when I pay for all labor and material. Many little details will sug- 

 gest theinselves to those who use one. A step connecting the two 

 bands which are each side of the manhole, is a great convenience 

 in filling. The forward end of the tank should hang a little lower 

 than the rear, to enable the pump to pump the tank more nearly 

 dry. — Orange Judd Farmer. 



Causes of Failure from Spraying.— Spraying is sometimes 

 reported a failure. This is due to several causes, some of which are 

 given: 



The Mixtures not Properly Prepared. Too inuch care can not 

 be taken in preparing any mixture to be used on trees and fruits. 

 If not properly prepared, injury may follow. Bordeaux mixture, if 

 properly prepared, will not injure the apple; but if there is not a 

 sufficient ^amount of lime, injury may follow, causing the surface 

 of the apple to be russeted and rough. Also damage to foliage may 

 result. Other fruits are susceptible to injury from the mixture, if 

 carelessly prepared. This mixture is one of the most effective fungi- 

 cides in use. 



Spraying Not Thoroughly Done. This is often the cause of 

 failure, and it issurprisingthatthere are not more reports of failure. 

 The work in many cases is so poorly done, that only a small per 

 cent of the surface of the trees is reached. The trees and fruit should 

 be covered with the mixture. The application of a fungicide is for 

 the purpose of preventing injury; therefore, it is necessary that it 

 be on the surface, and kill the spores before they enter the tissues 

 of the fruit or plant. If the spraying is carelessly done and the 

 surface only partially covered, the crop is only partly insured 

 against attack. The same is true when spraying with insecticides 

 for biting insects. 



Spraying in Wet Weather. Failure is often caused by the spray 

 not being applied at the right tiine. It is necessary that the mixture 

 be kept on the plants whenever there is danger of infection. If the 

 weather is rainy the mixture is liable to be washed ol^^, therefore, the 

 spraying should be repeated until the wet weather has ceased. At 

 this time the presence of the mixture is most needed. Ark. Exp. Sta. 



