1896 THE MICROSCOPE. ll5 



work in the pulp of the apple. They have no true oppos- 

 able jaws, but the head is provided with two black curved 

 hooks, situated above the mouth, with which they rasp 

 the pulp of the fruit rapidly by means of a vertical move- 

 ment of. the head. They live upon the juice of the parti- 

 cles of ap})le thus detached, which is sucked into the 

 mouth. Although they have no feet they can burrow 

 their length in soft fruit in less than a minute. The 

 channels made by the young larvae, while the fruit is still 

 growing, are largely healed and neither they nor the 

 minute white larva? are likely to be detected by the cas- 

 ual observer. As the larvae grow, and the fruit matures, 

 the enlarged channels do not heal, but turn brown and 

 the presence of the maggots (fig. E) is then readily de- 

 tected. 



These channels meander througli the whole fruit, even 

 the core (tig. F.) They often cross each other, enlarge 

 as the larvge grow% and finally they involve the whole 

 fruit. When the apples fall to the ground the maggots 

 crawl into the soil and go into tlie pupa state (fig. D) in 

 which they remain all winter. 



The best way to check the increase of this insect is to 

 pick up the windfalls each day and either bury them one 

 or two feet below the surface or feed them to the cattle, 

 being careful to give no more than will be eaten up at 

 each meal, thus preventing the next year's crop of flies, 

 and, as the flies are sluggish, each farmer can protect his 

 own crop. An extra precaution is to turn the hens into 

 the orchard. At one of the experiment stations it has 

 been estimated that there were from 1600 to 12000 pupa 

 under a single tree. 



^A^ alter ^A^hite Objects.— Prof. L. W. C. writes: "Will 

 you please send me as full a list as 3^ou have in stock of 

 the Walter White objects. A friend of mine has been re- 

 cently mounting some of them in my laboratory and I like 

 them so well that I want to secure all that I can sret." 



