THJ-; CONFLICT Ol" LAXGUAGKS. 131 



upon t^outheni Europe from the Seventh to the Tenth Cen- 

 turies. A horde of these marauders, attracted by the fair 

 lands and booty of France, settled in what was thenceforth 

 called Normandy. From the freebooting character of the 

 emigration, it consisted mostly of men. Once settled and in 

 possession of the land, the most of them married French- 

 speaking women of the country. Their children learned to 

 speak from the mothers, and the new generation of Northmen 

 in France spoke French. Again, their descendants, in the 

 F^leventh Centary, invaded England in what is called the 

 Norman Conquest. Here, too, the men were in the majority. 

 The Normans formed a class in England, while the mass of 

 the people were Saxon. The aristocratic Anglo-Norman- 

 French struggled for three centuries to maintain itself, backed 

 by office, wealth and learning, but it failed at last for want of 

 mothers. The Saxon woman was in the majority ; she was 

 eminently marriageable, for the wars had left her often without 

 father, husband or son, but with lands and social position 

 among her people. And she won the day, breeding and coo- 

 ing the Norman- French out of the family in all the essentials 

 of language. Norman words survived only with things and 

 ideas the Normans introduced or particularly encouraged in 

 the community ; the Norman language disappeared. 



So, whenever men without their families constitute the 

 invaders or settlers of a country already inhabited, they have 

 always failed to introduce their language unless they extermi- 

 nated or enslaved the natives. The history of the F^ast and 

 West Indies, Australia, Asia, Africa and the islands of the 

 Pacific, since the European began his career of emigration 

 and commercial and political expansion, repeatedly illustrates 

 this ethnological fact.--' 



Another ethnic condition, fatal to the family organization 

 and therefore to the vernacular, is slavery. Sometimes it is 



*See a parlicnlarl\- jjooiI ilhislralion in a series of articles on 

 ■'Guam" and " Clianiorro," Am. .\nthrnpolooist, Vols. 4 and 5, N. S. 



