HOW TO GROW AN EVERGREEN WINDBREAK. 145 
end of the droughty period, which ended about two years ago, my 
Scotch pine were in very bad condition, and I lost quite a number of 
my older trees. They became so disreputable in appearance I dug 
up more than three-fourths of them. I noticed this about it, though: 
those that were in exposed situations, where they had the full bene- 
fit of the southwest winds, were injured much more than those that 
were sheltered. I have windbreaks planted as Mr. Harris said he 
had some planted—in double rows. The row that was planted to 
break the west and southwest wind is in bad condition; they were 
planted twelve to fourteen years ago. Another row, on no better 
ground, but sheltered better,is in fine condition today—looking 
very nice, indeed. 
We are neglecting one tree, an old-fashioned tree, one that I was 
very much disgusted with after our hard winters, but still it lived 
- through them, and today it is looking better than any kind I have 
on the place except the mountain pine, and that is the Austrian 
pine. Iam going to study up on this Austrian pine, because it is 
the best pine we have on the place. It holdsits lower foliage bet- 
ter than the Scotch pine and endures the drought favorably, where 
the Scotch pine were ruined and we had to dig them out. i 
Just a few remarks on the different pines. Mr. Smith makes a 
point of Minnesota trees for planting, but that is very far from 
being perfect. There is the mountain pine, which is not a native of 
Minnesota, and there is nothing hardier. I do not know where it 
came from; I think Judge Moyer stated it came from the Alps. I 
think we have a better form of the white spruce than any that grow 
in Minnesota,and thatisthe Black Hills form; itisaform of the white 
spruce, with a good deal broader foliage, and it behaves better than 
the ordinary spruce. Itis different from any other form of white 
spruce, and it has stood so well in northwestern Iowa that I feel 
confident that it will be better than our Minnesota spruce, although 
the white spruce is a great favorite of mine. 
I was quite interested in the behavior of the jack pine at my place. 
Last year I received five hundred from Mr. Ayres, in the northern 
part of the state. It makes a remarkable growth. I am a warm 
friend of the red cedar, and I do want the comment made on it in 
regard toits being a slow growing tree corrected. Where it is under 
cultivation during the first ten years, it will keep up with any of 
the rest. I know it is the northern red cedar, because it was sent to 
me from the Minnesota river by a friend of mine. 
Prof. Green: About the jack pine—it is found on the driest land 
in the state of Minnesota. I look on the native pine of Minnesota 
and group them in this way, in three sets: The white pine is found 
on good land, but land retentive of moisture, not on very dry land. 
On what you might call drier land you find the Norway getting 
ahead of it, and on the very driest land in this state the jack pine 
will crowd the Norway and white pine. The jack pine will not live 
on the good land, but the others will crowd it out. In Cass and 
_in Crow Wing counties, on that dry land, you will find the jack pine 
where nothing else will grow. I noticed in reading over the differ- 
