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SPRAYING. 173 
that is becoming quite an enemy, and I have tried to control it with 
kerosene emulsion. We treat our plum stocks we wish to bud by 
taking a pail along and dipping itin. Itlooks as though we should 
kill every aphis, but we found we did not kill all of them, there were 
still a few left; but they gradually disappeared, and I think they dis- 
appeared from natural causes. I think the most practical thing to 
do is to watch our plum orchards carefully and pick off the first sign 
of plum aphis. By picking them off and throwing them on the 
ground they die, and I think we can easily control them ia that way. 
METHODS OF PROPAGATING APPLE TREES. 
S. D, RICHARDSON, WINNEBAGO CITY. 
I remember some fifty-six years ago, when I wasa boy in Vermont, 
that my father’s orchard was, with the exception of one tree younger 
than the rest, composed entirely of seedling trees. There were a 
few limbs scattered here and there through the orchard that had 
been grafted when the trees were small. All orchards in that part 
of the state were of the same character. 
The theory prevailed at that time, and was very extensively put 
into practice, that one apple seed was as good as another, so the 
most of the orchards were planted with seed from the cider mill, 
and the result was cider apples. Some few persons thought differ- 
ently and selected their seed from choice apples, and their orchards 
bore better fruit. A few years after we left the state people wanted 
better apples, and there was a general sawing off of limbs and graft- 
ing to something better, which secmed to give good results at first, 
but later there was a general failure, owing to the breaking off of 
the limbs. Persons wanting to graft often forget that all wood cut 
when grafting never grows together. The union comes through 
the new growth and the smaller the stock the more perfect the 
union. ; 
It is not necessary for me to describe the different methods of 
splicing different varieties of fruit, for lam talking to horticulturists 
who are supposed to be familiar with the subject, but I will lay 
some specimens, both of grafts and of trees after several years) 
growth, on the secretary’s table for your inspection later. 
What is called whip-grafting, whether done in the root or on the 
limbs of young trees, leaves less cut wood than either cleft-grafting 
or budding and is to be preferred in as windy a country as the 
prairie section of Minnesota. Many of the stocks used, especially 
by nurserymen, are tender, and as budding is always done above 
the surface of the ground and usually remains there, the stock is 
liable to be injured by the cold weather. A root-graft made with a 
long cion and a short root, when grown into a tree, if properly 
handled, will have half or more of itsroots from the cion, and the 
balance will be so deep in the ground that they will not be injured 
by the cold. A budded tree, as usually transplanted, does not often 
make roots above where it is budded. 
Seven or eight years ago I set some cherry trees that came from 
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