BEST THREE EVERGREENS FOR SHELTER. 187 
Mr. Elliot: I think’ seeds and plants received from Douglas are 
notacriterionto goby. My experience with native red cedar has 
been that invariably it has proved itself hardy, but I do not con- 
sider it the best tree for windbreaks. I would agree with Mr. Bush 
and with Mr. Smith, and place the white spruce first. When I was 
ia the nursery business [ started in with Norway spruce; considered 
that was the best tree for hedges and ornamental planting, but,as 
Mr. Harris states, itis subject to sunscald. At that time I sent to 
northern Minnesota and got some spruce seedlings and planted 
them out, and they have shown no indication of sunscald. Ican 
pick them out all over the city here. I would take the white spruce 
first, and next the white pine. The Norway pine I have had some 
experience with, but I do not consider it as good as the white pine. 
It is as hardy, but it does not transplant as readily as the white pine, 
The Scotch pine is a good tree, but it will not make the same growth 
as the white pine will, and it does not look as well. Take it on the 
Open prairie where it is exposed—I think L. B. Hodges said the 
Scotch pine was preferable to any other evergreen on our prairies. 
TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS FROM THE FOREST. 
WYMAN ELLIOT, MINNEAPOLIS, 
In presenting this subject, it is well, first, to particularly under- 
stand the nature of the material about which we are writing. Dr. 
Lindley says, “ An evergreen differs from a deciduous plant in this 
material circumstance, that it has no season of rest; its leaves re- 
main alive and active during the winter, and, consequently, it is in 
a stateofactive growth. This does not mean that it is always length- 
ening itself in the form of new branches, for this happens periodi- 
cally only in evergreens and is usually confined to the spring; but 
that its circulation, respiration, assimilation and production of 
roots are incessant, except when the ground is hard frozen. Such 
being the case, an evergreen when transplanted is liable to the same 
risks as deciduous plants in full leaf, with one essential difference. 
The leaves of evergreens are provided with a thick, hard epidermis, 
which is tender and readily permeable to aqueous exhalations only 
when quite young, and which becomes very firm and tough by the © 
arrival of winter, whence the rigidity always observable in the foli- 
age of evergreen trees and shrubs. 
“The phenomenon which we call the fall of the leaf is going on 
the whole year. Those trees which lose the whole of their leaves at 
the approach of winter and are called deciduous begin, in fact, to 
cast their leaves within a few weeks after the commencement of 
their vernal growth, but the mass of their foliage is not rejected 
till late in the season. Those on the other hand which are named 
evergreens part with their leaves much more slowly, retaining them 
in health at the time when the leaves of other plants are perishing, 
and do not cast them till a new spring has commenced, when other 
trees are leafing or even later. The functions of the leaves on the 
evergreen are going on during the winter, although languidly; 
