iin MMs Ba Pid a eatiar ond (1 abe 
SAY 
RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY IN WINONA CouNTY. 209 i 
pletes the operation by filling in around the plant withahoe. The 
cultivator will do the rest by smoothing down the furrow made by 
the plow. The red and black raspberry and the blackberry can all 
be planted by this method, but one plant of the black raspberry 
will be sufficient in a place. Then,too, blackberries should be 
planted more carefully, as usually they hav’nt many fibrous roots. 
After the plants are set, care must be taken to keep out the weeds. 
In order to do this, some growers run the cultivator through every 
two weeks, at the least. If it is very dry and the surface becomes 
hard, it will be necessary to cultivate oftener and after every rain. 
They should be hoed nearly as frequently. 
B. Some fruit growersin Winona County claim it is’nt necessary to 
lay these two kinds of berries down in the winter, butI find ifacrop 
q) of nice berries is expected the following summer it is best to lay 
% them down. Thecanes should be trimmed and laid down the first 
fall and taken up as soon as the frost is out of the ground,or as 
soon as it gets warm enough to start the new growth. The second 
year they should be plowed. After they are plowed, smooth the 
* surface down with the cultivator and hoe. After the second year, it 
becomes necessary to support the canes in some way. A good 
method to employ and one which is employed extensively where I 
‘S _live (by nearly all the growers), is to set a post at each end of the 
row, aud if the rows are long to set as many as are needed between 
a these. Across piece is then bolted to each one of these posts. A No. 
- 16 galvanized wire is now stretched around the row and stapled to 
‘these cross pieces. If the supportis not strong enough, drive stakes 
where they are needed and staple the wires tothem. There are many 
other ways which accomplish the same result, but this makes a very 
4 neat support ifthe right mandoesthe work. By this time the canes 
* should be in a strong growing condition. The field should be 
x. plowed and hoed in the spring and fall of each succeeding year. 
The old wood and diseased canes should be cut out every fall. The 
trimming or pruning is done in the nsual way, in the spring. 
Insects and diseases do not annoy us much, but they are coming 
gradually, and I fear we shall have to fight them hard before long, 
a if something is not done very soon. A fewcanes in a field are in- 
a fested by the cane borers. I found this summer that quite a few of 
the blackberry plants were covered with red orange rust, and here 
“Gg and there among the raspberries I could find a plant with leaf curl. 
‘The cane rust is showing up on the black raspberry, the Spry’s 
Early and Nemaha especially. We have been doing little to check 
7 these diseases, so they have gained ground on us, but during the 
a] last year the growers have commenced to see the damage which is 
a sure to be the result of two or three years longer neglect, and some 
By are taking measures to exterminate them, 
GIVING SEEDS AN EARLY START IN THE GARDEN.—The ground is 
. often cold when the seed is put into the garden plot. To get the 
Pt earliest vegetables, have a few boxes without bottoms and with a 
a _ sliding pane of glass foratop. Letthe top slope toward the sun. 
i Shut the slide entirely until the plant breaks ground, then ventilate 
s as One would ina hotbed. A few such boxes will make some of the 
‘a garden products ten days earlier—worth trying for. 
