ire ell 1) ye efe, OR SMR ge ae! Ue ey he Be 
eh a wii) Mh) 
218 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
which ever threatened our orchards. In 1892 the insect was discov- 
ered in the vicinity of Las Cruces, N. M., upon apple, pear, peach, 
quince and rose. In 1893 specimens were found at Charlottsville, 
Va. Soon afterwards it was discovered in many orchards in Fla., 
Md., N.J., N. Y. and Ohio, and in many other states. In November, 
1895, it was reported in twenty states, and at the present time it is 
doubtful whether there isa single state in the Union that is not 
more or less infested in some orchards, while some of them are 
fairly alive with these insects. 
The following description of the insect is taken from a paper 
published by the Division of Entomology: 
The San José scale belongs to the same group of scale-insects, the 
Armored Scales, to which the common and well known oyster-shell 
barklouse of the apple belongs. It differs from this species and, in 
fact, from all other eastern species found upon deciduous fruit trees 
in that the scale is perfectly round or, at most, very slightly elonga- 
ted or irregular. It is flat, pressed close to the bark, resembles the 
bark of the twig in color and when fully grown is about one-eighth 
of an inch in diameter. At or near the middle of each scaleis a 
small, round, slightly elongated black point—or this point may 
sometimes appear yellowish. Young and full-grown scale are 
shown in the illustration. (Fig. 1b). 
When occurring upon the bark of the twigs or leaves and in large 
numbers, the scales lie close to each other, frequently overlapping, 
and are at such times difficult to distinguish without a magnifying 
glass. The general appearance which they present is a grayish, 
very slightly roughened scurfy deposit. (Fig. la). The natural rich 
reddish color of thelimbs of the peach and apple is quite obscured 
when these trees are thickly infested, and they have then every ap- 
pearance of being coated withlimeor ashes. When the scales are 
crushed, by scraping a yellowish, oily liquid will appear, resulting 
from the crushing of the soft, yellow insects beneath the scales,and 
this will at once indicate to one who is not familiar with their 
appearance the existence of healthy living scales on the trees. 
They are easily scraped off with the finger nail, and the bark be- 
neath them will be seen to be darker in color. The natural color o* 
the bark is somewhat changed, as will be seen by comparing the 
places from which the scales have been removed with the spots 
upon which the scales do notoccur. The outlines of the removed 
scales will be noticed upon the bark, and the circumference is fre- 
quently changed in color, becoming somewhat purplish. Where 
the scales do not occur so thickly, they are more perceptible, and 
upon young, reddish twigs the contrast is quite noticeable, as the 
scales there appeara light gray. The younger and smaller scales 
are darker in color than the older and larger ones, and sometimes 
appear quite black, while the still younger ones are yellowish. 
During the winter the insectis to be found in the half-grown or 
nearly full grown condition. The young begin to hatch and to 
crawl from under the female scales shortly after the trees leaf out, 
and from this time through the summer there is a constant succes- 
sion of generations. 
