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~ A SUMMER’S WORK IN HORTICULTURE. 385 _ 
in a shady place until shipped or planted, but those made in the 
fall should be buried in sand over winter. 
The planting of cuttings is very simple. They are merely thrust 
into the ground 8 in. apart in rows, leaving only about one or two 
buds above the surface. The earthis then firmly packed around 
them and kept free from weeds. Thus thickly planted in nursery 
rows, they may easily be watered and protected. Later when they 
have reached some size, they can readily be transplanted to their 
permanent positions. 
Next our attention was called to the seedling plums. We tooka 
bed which had been budded the previous summer and went over it, 
marking all those in which the bud showed signs of life by cutting 
off the whole upper part of the seedling, leaving only the main stalk 
‘to which the bud might be tied later for support. When the bud 
did not show signs of life, it was mainly due to two reasons: gener- 
ally that it had been winter-killed, but sometimes because it had 
not been properly inserted into the stalk. These seedlings contain- 
ing the dead buds were cut off quite close to the ground and grafted. 
Owing to the fact that all of our cultivated varieties of trees donot 
come true from seed, or the resulting tree ofa seed will not produce 
fruit with exactly the same characteristics as that of the parent, 
grafting and budding are used asa means of perpetuating them. 
Budding and grafting must always be restricted to the members 
of the same genus or sub-genus. The principles underlying bud- 
ding and grafting are substantially the same, while the mode of 
procedure is very different. In both cases the young wood and 
bark ofa scion are brought into such close contact with those of 
the seedling that a union between the two is usually formed. 
Both methods are used to considerable extent in top-working 
trees. Where the main branches of a seedling are inferior, a hardy 
variety is budded or grafted in, and these branches are afterward cut 
off just above the buds, which will then form the entire tree. This 
method of top-working is very useful under some conditions: for 
instance, a delicate variety may be grown on a hardy trunk, which 
» greatly diminishes the danger of sunscald or winter-killing, to 
which the weaker variety would certainly be subject. 
Grafting is chiefly done in spring before the leaves appear. The 
stalk should be somewhat more advanced than the scion for the 
best results, which makes it necessary to gather the scions the fall 
before, wintering them over in cool, damp cellar, keeping their butts 
covered with sand. There are various methods of grafting, such as 
splicing, inserting in a cleft and many other ways. A graft is 
usually wrapped in wax to prevent the entrance of air and water, to 
prevent dying out and also to help keep the scion in place. 
Budding is the process of inserting a bud of one tree under the 
bark of another, where it is held in place until a union forms. Itis 
always donein the latter part of summer or early autumn, when the 
sap is flowing freely, as this is the only time when the bark and 
wood of the seedling would separate readily. 
When the sap starts the next spring all buds on the seedling 
should be rubbed off, leaving the nourishment to go into the good 
shoot. 
