311 



lire by means of their leaves wlieu they can receive a sufficient supply 

 through their roots ; but when the ground becomes so dry that this 

 source fails, if water be furnished to the leaves it will be absorbed by 

 them. This is not a natural function of the leaf, but a vicarious action. 



Composition of Cream. — An examination of the composition of 

 cieam, by ]>r. Hamberg, in Stockholm, gives as the result in several 

 analyses : 



Por cent. 



Butter 29. 46 



Casein 4. 22 



Milk sugar 2. 08 



Coloring and extractive matter 0. 5G 



Phosphoric acids and alkalies 0. 22 



Chlorides of soda and potash 0. 18 



Water - 63. 28 



Total 100. 00 



The specific gravity of the milk was 1,0309 ; of cream free from milk, 

 1.0049 to 1.0055. At a temperature of 155 C, in ten hours 10.5 per cent, 

 of cream raised, which was analysed by the method of Haidlen. A 

 better cream, obtained in the fall, gave : Butter, 34.75 per cent. ; other 

 solid matter, 6.65 per cent. ; water, 58.06 i)er cent. 



]\Iilk exposed to a high temperature gave a more concentrated cream, 

 but less in quantity, and not proportionally rich in butter, while, when 

 the milk was allowed to sour, the amount of coagulable casein was much 

 increased. 



Constituents of Stubble. — Dr. H. Weiske has examined the quan- 

 tity and composition of the stubble left after harvest. 



For determining the quantity, eight squares, in different parts of the 

 field chosen, were dug ten inches deep, and the stubble separated by 

 sifting and washing, then dried at 100^ C, with the following results': 



XaiiK; of iilant. 



Luccrn 



Kcd clover . . . 

 Esparcette. .. 



Rye 



Wund clover 



Kape 



Oats 



t^-J. 





M 



Grams. 

 475.8 

 451.9 

 307.8 

 510.0 

 255. 8 

 234.0 

 385.0 



Grams. 

 427.8 

 394.3 

 262.4 

 466.0 

 221.5 

 197.3 

 334.5 



IK fi ol 



5,544 

 5,116 

 3,401 

 3,019 

 -2, 870 

 2,557 

 2,167 



Name of plant. 



Lupine 



Wheat 



Peas 



Serradella . 

 Buckwheat 

 Barley 





2,027 

 1,994 

 1,848 

 1, 795 

 1,259 

 1,142 



* The Prussian morgeu = 3,054 square yards or 0.6310 acre. 



The great quantity of roots left by red clover mav account for its 

 value as a green manure. The difference would probably be still more 

 decided if the portions growing below ten inches from the surface were 

 taken into the account. 



The following table gives the amount of organic matter, nitrogen, 

 carbon, and ash : 



