513 



Comparative a:mount of cream from deep or shallow setting 

 OF MILK. — Thomas lul<ie,ot' Chesster Comity, Pennsylvania, liasnnulethe 

 foUowino- experiment : Alter mixing milk, the quantity not stated, so as 

 to have it homogeneous, he divided it into two equal parts, i)uttino: as 

 much in one can, 12 inches in diameter, 20 inches deep, as in (i shallow 

 pans. He added three ])ints of water to each can, and a half pint to 

 each pan, and put the cans and pans into cold spring-water, so that the 

 surface of milk in each was level with the surface of water. The skim- 

 mings of cans and pans on six successive days were done at the same 

 time. The daily amounts, as given, make the total of cream from the 

 cans, 08 pounds; from the pans, 4<S|^4)ounds ; showing an excess of 19^ 

 pounds, or a fractioi* over 39 per cent, of gain over the pans, though 

 the exi)erimenter states, not in accordance with his other figures, that 

 tfie excess wfls 18§ i)ounds. These two lots of cream being churned on 

 the same morning, that from the cans yielded 14 ounces more butter 

 than that froni the pans; t!ie resi)ective quantities of butter are not 

 given. During the exijeriment he noticed that thecreaui from the cans 

 was les^ solid and tenacious, more easily strained, and thickened less 

 after straining, than that from the pans; also, that if both lots were not 

 skimmed till the pans were ready, that in the cans soured and sometimes 

 thickened, and no more cream rose aller skimming; but if both were 

 skimmed when the cans were ready, a small amount of cream would 

 subsequently rise in the pans. On the other hand, members of the 

 Solebury Farmers' Club, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, made experi- 

 ments, in which the ditference in depth 'was much less, with the follow- 

 ing results, Henry Wildman, beginning .June 3, mixed and divided into 

 two equal parts the milk of fourteen milkings, the aggregate weight of 

 which was 555 pounds. One-half was set G, tlie other 2h inches deep. 

 The <;ream from the deep set made 12 pounds 8 ounces of batter; from 

 the shallow Set, 13 pounds 3 ounces, a difference of II ounces in favor 

 of the latter. The temperature and other particulars affecting the 

 result are not stated. 



During the week following May 27, E. Reeder put, each morning, 24 

 pounds of milk into two pans 4 inches deep, and 24 into four i)ans 2^ 

 inches dee[); each evening, 34) pounds into three pans 4 inches deep, 

 and 3ti into six j)aiis 2i inches deep, making a total of 840 [munds. The 

 temjierature of the milk-room, carefidly noted, ranged from 50° to 00°, 

 an<l the milk stood lorry-eight hours before skimming. From the deep- 

 set, 43 pounds of cream were obtained ; from the shallow-set, 40 i^ounds. 

 The time required for (churning the cream, put into the churn at a tem- 

 perature of 50°, was 18 minutes for that from the deep-set and 17 for 

 that from the shallow-set. The butter obtained from the former wei^^hed 

 in the lump, 19 pounds; from the latter, 21 pounds; alter being worked 

 and formed into pound-prints, that from the former weighed 10 pounds 

 and 12 ounces ; that from the lat;er, 18 jiounds and 9 ounces ; a differ- 

 ence of 1 i)ounul and 13 ounces in favor ol the latter. The milk was the 

 mixed product of 5 cows, and the butter averaged 1 pound for every 24 

 of milk. 



E. Michener states that he "set fdu'r milkings 5 inches deep and 3 

 inches," and obtained from the dee[)-set Oi pounds of butter; from the 

 shallow-set, 7 pounds, but gives no further particulars, except the state- 

 ment that his family considered shallow-setting less trouble than deep. 



THE two systems OF AGRICULTURE AT THE SOUTH. 



A careful observer reports the following facts respecting two intelli- 

 gent, enterprising planters jn the same locality in Louisiana: They 



