118 
On the south isa wagon shed; other buildings are ranged conveniently 
round the area. Behind the whole runs the little stream Viette, from 
which the farmer, by excavating about 200 cubic meters of earth, has 
secured a small pond, the surface of which is kept at a regulated level 
by means ofa dam. A movable covered wash-house, by means of chains 
and pulleys, is kept at the surface of this pond. The area between the 
buildings is perfectly leveled. 
About 48 hectares (118.56 acres) have been underdrained, with the 
happiest results; the drain-pipes vary from 3 to 6 feet deep, according 
to the depth and inclination of the clay substratum; the drains are 
from 22 to 100 feet apart, the intervals being mostly from 30 to 40 feet. 
The expense has ranged from 215 to 230 franes per hectare, or between 
$16 and $20 per acre. 
Apple-trees, for cider, cover 23 hectares, or nearly 57 acres. Every 
four years the earth tor half a yard around each tree is dug up and a 
eart-load of fresh rich earth deposited. During 15 years 1,064 apple- 
trees have been planted, each one being placed in a cubic meter of fresh 
earth deposited in the trench. 
Meadows, properly se called, are not maintained on the estate. All 
the grass-lands are pastured up to the first week in May, when about 
52 hectares (1284 acres) are reserved for mowing, and produce about 
2,700 quintals (2973 tons) of hay.- As the area mown is shifted each 
year, it covers the whole estate every three or four years. Rich earth 
from the river-bed is every summer scattered over the soil. Fermented 
manure is also freely dispensed during autumn, winter, and spring, a 
generous allotment being made to the young apple-trees. The manure ~ 
is used in its fermenting stage in preference to well-rotted manure, 
because it is more active in its influence upon the soil, lasts longer, and, 
by aid of a slight covering of soil, may be made to cover three times as 
large a surface. Furthermore, the grass obtained from it is of good 
quality, succulent, better relished by milch-cows, and affords a richer 
quality of milk. 
The live-stock maintained on the estate embraces 10 horses, 78 milch- 
cows, and 17 milch-cows of inferior character; 45 cows fattening for 
butchery, 20 calves and heifers equivalent to about 12 head of eattle, 
30 beeves, and 12 hogs; total, 204 head. .The milch-cows are of the 
Augerone and Cotentine varieties of the Norman breed. They are finely 
formed, in good condition, and admirably adapted to the soil upon 
which they graze. M. Paynel prefers the first variety, especially those 
from the banks of the Toucques and the Dive, two small streams 
emptying into the English Channel. Milch-cows are kept to the num- 
ber of 40 or 50 from May 1 to September 15, and from 70 to 100 
during the remainder of the year. The farmer raises from 18 to 20 
choice heifers each year, and two bull calves. The other calves are sold 
when over eight days old. In November he purchases 15 or 20 cows, 
milks them until June, and sends them to the Villette market. Thirty 
beeves of the Cotentine breed, and 50 cows either of Norman or of 
Mancelle blood, crossed with the Durham, complete the herd. The 
cattle remain in pasture all winter, and are fed hay part of the year. 
The average weight of cows fully fattened is 525 kilograms, or 7164 
pounds.. The number of cows is inereased in the latter part of the 
season on account of the fabrication of Camembert cheese, which lasts 
from September to April. The cows are regularly milked three times 
per day, at 44 a. mh., noon, and 6 p.m. Each farm overseer is furnished 
With a memorandum, upon which he inscribes the day on which each 
cow was placed in pasture, as well as the date of her removal, This 
